Essay assignment yakuza film

The representation of gender through speech verbs (research digest) Reading time: 8 minutes. Yakuza. Authors can show aspects of characterisation in many ways. For example, authors may describe how characters look and act and the ways in which others think and talk about them. Another way is for an author to present the mind and attributes of a character through the way their speech is presented. This digest summarises a study by Maeve Eberhardt from the University of Vermont, who looks specifically at the distribution of direct speech reporting verbs (verbs used to Poetry analytical essay write, frame a character’s exact words, such as ‘said’, ‘replied’, ‘argued’) in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter novels. Eberhardt draws on a corpus of assignment yakuza film 1.1 million words across all seven books to examine the direct speech reporting verbs from two of the series’ main characters, Ron and Hermione. This study explores not what is a essay, said but the ways in which characters’ words are framed and how these portrayals may evoke and reproduce cultural gendered stereotypes.

Eberhardt begins with a useful overview of recent work on language and gender. Essay Yakuza Film. On the one hand, she reminds us about some myths and stereotypes about male and female talk such as ‘women speak more than men’ and ‘men are more confrontational’. These fall under the Keene state scholarships tuition, heading of the ‘Men are from Mars, women are from Venus’ myth after the book of the same name by assignment yakuza John Gray (1992). As Eberhardt outlines – there are actually far more similarities than differences in male and Homework 4 you online female talk. Where differences do exist, they tend to be down to the idiosyncratic behaviour of a few individuals rather than generalisable across larger male and female groups. On the other hand, Eberhardt reminds us that representations (including fictional ones) of the ways males and females speak are often biased, and often present females in particular in a bad light. For example, she quotes a study that examined the verbs used to describe the speech of male and female politicians in Canada which found those used to Essay assignment yakuza film, describe the speech of females were far more negative. Eberhardt also suggests that children’s literature is a particularly interesting genre for the study of gender representation since the ways it portrays male and female characters may influence how young readers see the Poetry analytical essay write, world. This may, in turn, reproduce crude gender stereotypes such as the ideas that female characters are weak and emotional, and Essay assignment yakuza film that male characters are strong yet lack emotion. Eberhardt’s study builds on previous work by Sally Hunt (2015) on analytical essay write, gender representation in the Harry Potter series. Hunt found there were some differences in how actions of male and Essay assignment film female characters were presented, and discovered that, generally, female characters were presented as more passive than their male counterparts.

Eberhardt analyses all instances of direct speech attributed to Ron and Hermione (including instances where the pronouns ‘he’ and state college 2013 ‘she’ are used to assignment, introduce the reporting verb). She categorises these verbs according to analytical essay, a taxonomy first devised by Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard (1987). The taxonomy classifies: Neutral – simply reporting that speech occurs with little colouring eg ‘say’, ‘tell’. Structuring – building and developing a dialogue, eg ‘ask’, ‘inquire’. Metapropositional – showing degrees of force which include assertive. eg ‘suggest’, ‘correct’; directive e.g. ‘urge’ ‘instruct’; expressive ‘accuse’ ‘complain’. Metalinguistic – relating to the act of telling, eg ‘narrate’ ‘quote’. Prosodic – describing pitch, loudness or duration, eg ‘scream’. Assignment Film. Paralinguistic – showing the manner of speech, eg ‘whisper’, ‘sob’.

Signalling discourse – structuring speech in some way, eg ‘repeat’, ‘pause’, ‘break off’. Ron has more reporting verbs than Hermione (2,154 and 1,937 respectively). The characters have almost the report ireland, same number of reporting verbs of different types based on Caldas-Coulthard’s taxonomy (80 for Ron, 82 for Hermione). Assignment Yakuza. Ron has more neutral verbs than Hermione (77% compared to 73%). Eberhardt argues that the greater number of non-neutral reporting verbs for Hermione demonstrates that Rowling colours and homework mediates readers’ possible interpretations of Hermione’s speech more than she does Ron’s. Eberhardt uses the term ‘manufactured’ (2017: 241) to describe Hermione’s speech, arguing that this greater focus on how she speaks follows a trend in popular media and assignment yakuza fiction to specifically focus on how females look, speak and act. Eberhardt also uses statistical tests to show that Ron has more expressive reporting verbs than Hermione but that overall there is little difference in the way characters are represented with their use of any particular type of verb. Eberhardt argues that that this finding provides a good way of challenging literary criticism that claims Rowling presents her female characters as lacking power. Eberhardt finds a different pattern in services good her exploration of the unique reporting verbs used by Rowling for assignment, Ron and Hermione. These are verbs used at least three times for either Ron (33 instances) or Hermione (34 instances) but are not used to frame the speech of another character.

Interestingly, Hermione’s unique reporting verbs are related to a high-pitched voice (such as ‘scream’, ‘squeal’, ‘shriek’ and ‘squeak’) or show degrees of sadness and/or helplessness (such as ‘wail’ and Statistics homework services good ‘whimper’). Ron’s unique reporting verbs are related to a low-pitched voice either in terms of volume (such as ‘bellow’ and roar’), or in terms of being spoken under his breath (such as ‘mutter’ ‘grumble’ and ‘grunt’). Eberhardt suggests these show emotional disengagement. These examples seem to reproduce gender stereotypes in presenting Hermione as weak and passive and Ron as strong and disinterested. Finally, Eberhardt explores how each character’s speech is Essay film, modified through the use of adverbials– words such as ‘loudly’ or ‘quietly’ that tell us more about how speech is services good, performed. Again there is a pattern in the use of words unique to either Ron or Hermione.

Modifiers of Hermione’s speech tend to be related to assignment, ones such as ‘shrilly’, ‘briskly’, ‘timidly’ and ‘sadly’ which are related to feelings, whereas modifiers of Ron’s speech are largely related to what he knows rather than what he feels. These include ‘incredulously’ and ‘doubtfully’. In this instance, the help 4 you, use of modifiers may be interpreted as supporting a representation of an emotional female and a more rational male. Overall, Eberhardt’s article shows some interesting similarities and differences in the way the speech of assignment yakuza Ron and business plan writers Hermione is presented, and her corpus-based approach means she is able to identify patterns across long stretches of text rather than just from a few extracts. As Eberhardt claims at the end of her article, patterns of words across a whole novel may well reinforce binary notions of gender and associate male and female characters with certain traits and behaviours. A stylistic analysis can therefore bring those representations, and the ideologies behind them, to the surface and allow us to critically examine them. Caldas-Coulthard, R.C. (1987) ‘Reported speech in written narrative texts’, in M. Coulthard (ed.) Discussing Discourse . Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press, pp. 149-167.

Gray, J. (1992) Men are From Mars, Women are From Venus: The Classic Guide to Studying the Opposite Sex . New York, NY: Harper Collins. Assignment. Hunt, S. (2015) ‘Represenations of gender and agency in the Harry Potter series’, in business plan P. Baker and T. McEnery (eds) Corpora and Discourse Studies: Integrating Discourse and Corpora . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 288-284. This is a digest of the following article: Eberhardt, M. (2017) ‘Gendered representations through speech: The Case of the Harry Potter series’, Language and Literature 26 (3), 227–246. Using this in teaching and learning.

You can use this research digest to support your teaching of AQA’s AS and A-level Language and Literature specification. Essay Yakuza. Below are some suggestions. Examine representation of male and female characters. Students could examine the representation of male and female characters in ireland the novel they are studying (Imagined worlds, A-level; Views and yakuza film voices, AS-level) Questions could include: Are there patterns in Statistics homework services the ways the speech of characters is presented through the use of direct speech reporting verbs and modifiers? How does this relate to gender and its representation in the novel as a whole? Does this representation change across the novel at all? For example, is there a difference between the presentation of a character’s direct speech at assignment yakuza film the beginning and the end of a novel?

If so, why might this be? To what extent does a focused analysis on analytical essay, reporting verbs support or challenge critical responses to the novel? Conduct an A-level NEA investigation. For their NEA investigation ( Making Connections , A-level), students could explore the use of speech verbs in the representation of gender in a literary and a non-literary text. A range of non-literary texts could be examined: political reporting, newspaper reports, articles in magazines and so on. Examine presentation of gender for a younger readership. Students could take an Essay film example of children’s or young adult (YA) literature and examine how the text presents gender for plan, a younger readership (see also our blog post on Peter Stockwell’s article The positioned reader ). Essay Assignment Yakuza Film. This would provide a good opportunity for students to consider the merits of choosing a children’s/YA literary text for their NEA investigation ( Making Connections , A-level) together with some non-literary material that represented children and gender in particular ways. Students could use corpus software to homework services good, explore patterns in larger stretches of data and across whole texts. Assignment. The CLiC.bham.ac.uk tool is way, a good place to Essay assignment yakuza, start. It contains over forty nineteenth-century novels including Frankenstein and Dracula . The CLiC team will be running a workshop on this tool at the free Integrating English conference on Friday 3rd November 2017 at Aston University.

1. Baker, Paul (2014) Using Corpora to Analyse Gender . London: Bloomsbury. This offers a very useful introduction to both corpus methods and the concept of homework services representation, specifically in the study of gendered discourse. It also includes chapters analysing the language use of male and female academics, male bias in gendered paired words (eg man/woman), the representation of gay people in articles in a middle-market tabloid and representation and gender in yakuza film personal dating ads. 2. Poetry Essay Write. Leech, Geoffrey and Short, Mick (2007) Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose , 2nd edn. London: Longman. This is the second edition of a classic text on the language of prose fiction. Chapter 10 offers a seminal introduction to the presentation of assignment yakuza speech and thought. 3. Stephens, John (1992) Language and Ideology in Children’s Fiction . London: Longman. Stephens’ book is a fascinating study of how literature written for Help writing a essay best, children projects ways of seeing the world and themselves as individuals within it. It argues that writing for children necessarily involves presenting (often indirectly) clear messages about Essay assignment film how to behave, think and Low cost business plan writers act. 4. Sunderland, Jane (2010) Language, Gender and Children’s Fiction . London: Continuum.

This is Essay film, another book on children’s literature but with a specific gender focus. It analyses the ways male and female characters are represented in books that children read. Sunderland’s book is of particular interest since she draws on insights from stylistics to frame her analyses. Close reading: prose fiction (classroom activity) Reading time: 8 minutes. Close reading is a big part of exams, as well as an Statistics services essential, everyday part of studying and film developing an understanding of a text. These five steps offer just one way of doing close reading. This five-step approach, designed for students, draws on four really helpful concepts from stylistics about the way, process of interpretation, and takes care to avoid some common problems. It is designed for extracts from prose fiction, but can be easily adapted for other kinds of texts. Five steps in close reading for extracts from prose fiction. Yakuza. 1. Read through for 4 you, initial impressions. Start by noticing your initial impressions, rather than by looking for big themes straight away.

Themes are often broad and complex, like ‘a critique of capitalism’ in Essay assignment yakuza F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby or ‘warning against totalitarianism’ in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. In novels, themes can arise through lots of small, sometimes subtle suggestions interspersed throughout the Low cost plan, whole text. Assignment Film. If you’re dealing with just a couple of paragraphs from a novel, looking for broad themes can be a struggle. It can lead you to desperately project things onto the extract which aren’t really there. Focusing only on themes can also lead you to miss or neglect the good, less obvious, often less specific or definite aspects of interpretation which contribute to those themes.

Starting by searching for big themes can also stifle your own interpretative skills. It can be easier, and often ultimately more insightful, to begin with initial impressions. Impressions can be less fully formed, more abstract and less precise than the kinds of Essay yakuza themes we often focus on when discussing texts. Initial impressions can include aspects of atmosphere (eg ‘gloominess’, ‘confusion and help chat disorientation’, ‘a sense of assignment yakuza innocence’ or ‘a sense of mystery’, etc), setting (eg ‘a vastness, desolation’) and character relations (eg ‘cold and uncooperative’), etc. These kinds of Statistics services impressions are the film, very beginnings of interpretation, and it is these aspects which usually add up to the fully formed themes: it is through these impressions that those themes are constructed, developed and communicated. College. Start your close reading by asking yourself what initial impressions arise for you in your reading . This will keep your close reading grounded in assignment the text and will help you pay proper attention to your own interpretative responses. The next step is to Low cost plan writers, go back through the extract with those interpretative impressions in mind, and assignment film try to locate where, and how, in the text they arise. Homework Help 4 You Online Chat. What do you notice, sentence by sentence?

Underline the parts which stand out to you, including those which seem to be fueling those interpretative impressions, and any others you might have. For everything you underline, draw an arrow out into the margins and note down the following: a) What kind of feature of language is it? Use terms and concepts you have learnt about to help you be detailed and precise. b) What is it doing, in Essay film this context? What is it contributing to the meaning of the extract? c) Does it relate to or connect up and with any other features and features of the extract? It is here that four useful principles of interpretation come into play. Foregrounding: Foregrounding is the relative prominence (as consciously or subconsciously perceived by the reader) of particular features (through patterns and deviation).

An important part of the study of literature, and particularly close reading, is the act of paying attention to Write, prominence, and making what might at first be subconscious impressions become conscious – bringing them into focus and conscious attention. Essay. Features are foregrounded through parallelism and deviation, and they work to create meaning together through ‘cohesion of foregrounding’. Parallelism: According to Short’s (1996) ‘Parallelism rule’ for interpretation, paralleled structures suggest meaningful connections. So, paralleled features like repeated sounds, or metaphors, or structural repetition such as each adjective in a list of three adjectives, lead us to writers, look for yakuza film, and create connections between each repeated element. Each repeated element gains associations of the other in the pair or set. Their associations combine to create a whole, integrated impression made up of its parts. Deviation: Deviation is departure from a norm, convention, system or pattern. Writing A Essay For College. For example, you might encounter a list of Essay assignment yakuza film adjectives all two syllables long, and then the list closes with one which is three syllables long. The deviation from the parallelism (the repeated pattern of two-syllable adjectives) makes the three-syllable adjective stand out, and plan writers seem or become more meaningfully significant. Cohesion of foregrounding: ‘Cohesion of foregrounding’ is a phrase coined by Geoffrey Leech, in Style in Fiction (1970), to describe the way in which we try to link up foregrounded features and find meaning in the ways they function together.

A good example is the way in which we see a constellation in an array of stars, drawing a connecting shape between the stars that shine the brightest. Themes arise through our process of ‘connecting up the(foregrounded) dots’. These are processes of interpretation which underlie close reading, and Essay assignment which help to explain what we notice and how we find meaning. If you’re struggling to ‘see’ anything meaningful in a close reading text, focus on the parts which have triggered your initial interpretative impressions, and look for Poetry analytical, foregrounding, patterns and deviation. Essay Assignment Film. Tip: The reason the interpretative impressions you started with are called ‘initial’ interpretative impressions is because they are likely to evolve and change, as you start exploring them, into help 4 you fuller and deeper interpretative impressions and analytical insights. In some tasks, you’re given a close reading extract which is an extract from film, a bigger text, like a novel, which you’ve studied and Help a essay for college way are familiar with. The fourth step in this process is to reflect on the kinds of yakuza things which you see at work in the close reading text, and explore connections between these and the themes and credit workings of the whole novel. As your interpretative skills and yakuza film confidence develop, you’ll get better at Low cost seeing more and more in a close reading text.

Not all of it will be hugely interpretatively significant, and you may not have time to cover all of it in yakuza an exam. Select your key points based on analytical, how interpretatively significant they are. If something at work in this extract is closely tied in with one of the novel’s broader themes, it’s probably worth including, but only if you’ve got something to say about how it’s working here. If you’ve noticed something but you can’t get beyond naming and describing it (that is, you can’t go beyond description to Essay assignment, analysis), think about leaving it out. Once you’ve chosen your key points, select the best (most illustrative) example(s) to quote and discuss when making that point. Again, you might not have time to include everything that illustrates that point: be selective. Remember, a response to a close reading exercise needs to be structured carefully, just like any other kind of college scholarships 2013 essay. Decide on a sequence for your points . You could order them in a way which follows the extract’s sequential development, or you could start with the Essay assignment, points which bear the most interpretative significance and help online chat work on to those which are interesting but which you find less deeply meaningful. Alternatively, you could begin with points discussing aspects of the extract which are interpretatively interesting but which don’t seem overtly connected to the themes of the novel as a whole, and assignment yakuza then move on Help writing best, to the elements of the extract which do relate and contribute to the novel’s broader themes.

Now it’s time to film, write your response. Don’t forget to include an introduction and a conclusion, just like any other essay. The paragraphs which make up the main body of the help online chat, essay need to do the following: Each main paragraph should clearly communicate one point , through illustrative examples and analytical argument. That central point should explain the relationship between a feature of the text and its interpretative effects . If you find yourself devoting a paragraph to describing a feature without talking about its effects, or describing interpretative effects without talking about how the text creates those effects, that paragraph needs to be developed or cut. Always provide and discuss illustrative quotations to explain the relationship between the feature and effect. A main paragraph can do more than this, of course, such as considering other possible interpretations, but these are the yakuza, essential elements. A last tip: Communicating clearly is more important than sounding intelligent or ‘academic’. If trying to write in a very sophisticated style results in your phrasing becoming confused and confusing and your meaning getting lost, step back to a more simple and straightforward style. There’s no point in using lots of long words and complex sentence structures if the Homework help 4 you chat, person reading your essay can’t understand what you mean. Clarity is Essay yakuza film, always the priority . This five step process is just one approach. There are lots of other ways of doing close reading.

Some will suit you and your thinking and planning processes more than others. This approach does, though, cover some of the help 4 you online, crucial bases, and helps you to Essay assignment yakuza film, avoid the Help writing for college best, risks of trying to map big themes onto extracts awkwardly or inauthentically, and instead make convincing, text-based arguments explaining your interpretation. Underpinned by four key stylistic concepts, it offers a structure for paying close attention to Essay yakuza, and interpreting the extract itself, always holding firmly onto the relationship between features and analytical interpretative effects. Yakuza Film. Try it out with some extracts from online, texts you’re studying and see what kinds of Essay assignment yakuza close readings it helps you create. For more on foregrounding, parallelism, deviation and cohesion of Homework help 4 you online chat foregrounding, see Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose by Mick Short (Longman, 1996) and ‘Ling131’, an online stylistics course created by the same author (you can find a description and link in the ‘Online Resources’ entry in our Reading Suggestions category).

Analysing Iago#8217;s weasel words using rhetoric and Essay yakuza pragmatics (research digest) Reading time: 7 minutes. • Summary of the paper. Writing A Essay. • Keller on Iago’s weasel words. Essay. • Using this in teaching and learning. Homework. Stefan Keller combines ancient rhetoric and three contemporary linguistic theories – speech act theory, relevance theory and politeness theory – to explore Iago’s language in act 3, scene 3 of Othello. These linguistic theories have been introduced in some of our previous blog entries. Links to these posts can be found at the end of this section. Assignment Yakuza. Keller illustrates how these theories can be used alongside an Help writing best understanding of Essay yakuza film classical rhetoric to analyse the language of Shakespeare and to gain insight into 4 you online his characters, their communication styles and their relationships. The sophistication and breadth of Shakespeare’s use of rhetorical figures suggests, according to Keller and others, that Shakespeare was among several Renaissance writers who were well-versed in Essay assignment film these classical models (handbooks of which, such as Henry Peacham’s The Garden of Write ireland Eloquence (1593), were very popular at the time). Essay Assignment Yakuza Film. As Keller notes, classical rhetoric focusses on techniques available to monologic oration. Keene Tuition. Pragmatic models of communication, though, can also accommodate conversational dialogue, and pay attention to the communicative context. Pragmatic models are therefore in some ways more appropriate for analysis of drama, and Essay yakuza provide a useful addition to classical rhetoric in the study of Shakespearian dialogue. This is particularly the case for Othello, where Iago’s disturbing manipulation of college Othello, through conversation alone, is at the heart of the play.

As Keller writes, the ‘challenge for Iago is to achieve his appalling goal while appearing to be helpful and unobtrusive’ (405). His success relies on his ability to guide Othello to infer meaning from assignment yakuza, what he says (and doesn’t say), while the surface meaning of his speech allows for plausible deniability. Keller cites Grice’s co-operative principle (within speech act theory): “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in Keene state tuition which you are engaged.” (Grice 1989: 13) Speakers can (and very often do) purposefully and meaningfully violate this principle, by being obscure or by overtly exaggerating, for example, to invite inference. Assignment Yakuza. Inference essentially works through the hearer. Analytical. a) noticing that the what the speaker has said isn’t as clear, informative, honest or relevant as one might expect (in accordance with the co-operative principle); b) assuming that the speaker is therefore trying to communicate something more through this obfuscation; and. c) trying to work out assignment yakuza, (led by what the speaker has said) what else the speaker might be trying to suggest. Often inference works through the Help writing a essay for college best way, hearer trying to make sense of how the speaker’s words are relevant to the topic of conversation. Keller draws out some illustrative examples of Iago’s style of conversational manipulation, and analyses them in relation to assignment yakuza, classical rhetoric, the co-operative principle, and ideas from relevance theory and politeness theory. He gives an example of Iago’s self-interruption (the rhetorical figure of aposiopesis) in which Iago overtly denies the import and relevance of what he has said, refusing to Help writing a essay best, directly answer Othello, leaving Othello to wonder about and try to infer why Iago is being obscure. IAGO: Ha, I like not that. OTHELLO: What dost thou say? IAGO: Nothing, my lord; or if – I know not what. (3.3.34-6) Othello continues, ‘Was that not Cassio parted from my wife?’, to which Iago responds:

Cassio, my lord? no, sure, I cannot think it. That he would steal away so guilty-like. Seeing you coming. (3.3.38-40) Both of Iago’s responses here also involve paralipsis, which Keller defines as ‘pretending to pass over a matter in order to give it more emphasis’ (403). Iago could simply have replied ‘Yes’ or ‘I think so’ to Othello’s second question here. Assignment Yakuza Film. Instead, Othello is directed by the length of Iago’s reply to infer that Iago feels this extra detail is important. Significantly, ‘I cannot think it’ is not ‘I do not think it’, which allows for Statistics homework, the inference (among other possible inferences) that maybe he does think this, but something stops him from wanting to. Iago also adds a description of the assignment yakuza, manner of Cassio’s supposed departure, ‘steal[ing] away’ (neatly evoking associations of theft), ‘guilty-like’ on (and therefore implicitly in Statistics reaction to) ‘seeing [Othello] coming’. As Keller says, ‘by denying the relevance of Cassio’s behaviour, Iago makes it all the more relevant for Othello’, that is, by implying that it would make no sense for Cassio to behave that way, Iago leads Othello to consider why Cassio might behave that way – to infer the contextual relevance of Essay assignment yakuza such behaviour (403). Iago begins his second response here by partly echoing Othello’s words (‘Cassio, my lord?’).

This rhetorical figure is called anadiplosis, and it occurs twice as often in Othello as it does in Hamlet, and three times as often as it does in King Lear (Keller, 404, n.). Keller cites the following exchange: OTHELLO: Is he [Cassio] not honest? IAGO: Honest, my lord? OTHELLO: Honest? Ay, honest.

IAGO: My lord, for Homework 4 you online chat, aught I know. OTHELLO: What does though think? IAGO: Think, my lord? OTHELLO: Think, my lord! By heaven, though echo’st me. Yakuza. As if there were some monster in my thought. Too hideous to be shown. Write Report. (3.3.103-11) On the surface, direct repetition does not add meaning, but only Essay assignment, repeats it.

The meaningfulness of repetition therefore lies in what can be inferred from the act of repetition itself within the context of the conversation. The exclamation at business the end of Othello’s repetition of ‘Think, my lord!’ leading into Essay yakuza film his direct comments on Iago’s echoing, serves to signal his frustration, for example. Iago’s responses here, though, are more controlled: they could be an act of double-checking he has heard Othello correctly, but this in itself suggests Iago does not believe or understand what he is hearing, hence the need to check. Othello picks up on this implied incredulity, and the sub-textual suggestion, in analytical turn, that his own thinking is too deviant to be easily understood or shared. This exchange also highlights Iago’s tactical use of politeness strategies.

Keller notes that this scene involves ‘the highest frequency of “my lord” vocatives from Iago in the play’ (406). These vocatives serve as ‘on record’ (overt) ‘positive politeness’, affirming that the addressee is liked, and that his or her wants are shared and supported, etc. Iago also often uses ‘negative politeness’, apologising and Essay assignment yakuza film making excuses for possibly causing offence (through lines such as ‘my lord, pardon me’, 3.3.13, and ‘I do beseech you … [to ] take no notice’, 3.3.147-53). He also suggests potentially offensive things only Low cost, indirectly, or ‘off record’ – that is, ‘in such a way that it is not possible to attribute only one clear communicative intention’ to assignment film, the utterance (Brown and Levinson, 1994: 70). Keller describes Iago’s strategy here as ‘suggestive obscurity’ (Keller, 407). As in the previous extract, Othello increasingly names and makes explicit what he perceives to be Iago’s implicit suggestions.

He even states. Exchange me for a goat. When I shall turn the business of my soul. To such exsufflicate and blown surmises, Matching thy inference. (3.3.183-6) It would appear, in moments such as these, that Iago has failed in Homework help 4 you in his attempts to stay on the side of subtle suggestion and have Othello feel responsible for his own inferences. These moments are fleeting, however, as suggested by Othello’s subsequent plea that Iago speaks ‘With franker spirit’ (3.3.198). Iago’s deniability remains just plausible enough for assignment yakuza, Othello to be torn between self-loathing and suspicion. Keller’s article usefully illustrates how some contemporary linguistic theories can take textual study beyond labelling rhetorical figures to analysing how the utterances these figures actually function to create the play’s powerful effects. Brown, Penelope, and credit ireland Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness. Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Grice, Paul, Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989. This is a research digest of the assignment yakuza, following article: Keller, Stefan D., ‘Combining Rhetoric and business writers Pragmatics to Read Othello’, English Studies, 91.4 (2010): 398–411. Using this in teaching and learning. The ideas below suggest how you can use this research digest to support your teaching of Othello on Essay assignment yakuza, AQA’s A-level English Language and Literature specification.

You could also adapt the Low cost writers, ideas to any of the other plays studied on Essay assignment film, Dramatic Encounters and to supporting students preparing for NEA (Making Connections). 1. As a starting point in report exploring inference and politeness in Othello, students can. a) look at Essay one exchange where a response is not directly relevant to the preceding utterance, and list the possible inferences that are available, thinking about how it could be relevant to the conversational context. These inferences can then be put in order from ‘strong’ (most plausible inference) to ‘weak’ (least plausible inference), and the students can discuss and justify their ordering. This activity will help students to better understand the Homework chat, process of Essay yakuza film inferencing and different degrees of inference. b) look at one instance of credit report politeness in the play, and discuss what aspect of the hearer’s personality or position is being overtly or covertly appealed to or protected. Essay Assignment Film. This will help students understand how characters use language to relate to each other, and to position themselves and Homework 4 you each other in relationships. Essay Assignment Yakuza Film. 2. Keller points out that ‘strictly speaking, “off-record” utterances are impossible in drama, as the audience is always fully aware of Iago’s intentions’ (406). Students can explore the added complexity of conversational implicature and inference in the context of drama, where there is a double layer of communication (character to character, and a essay way playwright to Essay assignment, audience), and at good least two communicative contexts – here one in which Othello knows certain information, and one in which the audience knows far more. These different communicative contexts guide inference differently for Essay yakuza film, different hearers.

Students can visually map out these layers/contexts of communication. They can then go further to explore the Write, relationships between inference and ‘dramatic irony’ in this play and Essay yakuza others. Help Writing Best. This will help students understand how meaning is communicated in drama. 3. Othello himself, in shining the spotlight on the subtext, is shown in this scene (and elsewhere) to speak frankly, in marked contrast to Iago. Keller begins and ends his study of this play with attention to the plain speaking of Desdemona and Emilia, which is similarly cast as all the more admirable in contrast to Iago’s sophistry. Desdemona and Emilia do speak with rhetorical skill (employing a range of classical figures), but, Keller implies, with none of the Essay assignment, insidious and off record strategies of Iago.

This is not to say that their communication does not involve and invite inference (as most communication does), but that their explicit and implicit communication is working in a different balance, and to different ends. In this light, the communication styles of Statistics homework good Desdemona and Emilia could offer a route into the gender politics of the assignment yakuza, play. Students can investigate literary criticism which discusses the play’s gender politics, including feminist readings, and report can explore how far and in what ways the communication styles of Desdemona and Emilia can account for these readings. Some of the related blog entries listed at the top of this research digest provide suggestions for Essay assignment, reading on these pragmatic theories (relevance theory, politeness theory and speech act theory). A research digest on ‘Implicature and Help for college best way literary texts’, summarising an article by Adrian Pilkington on ‘Poetic Effects’ from Lingua 1 (1992): 29-51 (posted on 28/09/2016) A research digest on ‘Impoliteness and assignment film entertainment’, summarising an article by online Jonathan Culpeper, ‘Impoliteness and entertainment in film the television quiz show: The Weakest Link’ from Journal of Politeness Research 1 (2005): 35-72 (posted on plan writers, 06/04/2016) Classroom activities on ‘Understanding implicatures’ (posted on 17/11/2016) Reading suggestions on ‘Politeness and impoliteness’ (posted on 17/06/2016) Keller points readers towards other works specifically on politeness theory and Othello : Brown, Roger, and Essay assignment yakuza film Albert Gilman. ‘Politeness Theory and Shakespeare’s Four Major Tragedies.’ Language in Society 18 (1989): 159–212 Busse, Ulrich. Linguistic Variation in Poetry analytical write the Shakespeare Corpus . Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002 Kopytko, Roman. ‘Linguistic Politeness Strategies in assignment Shakespeare’s Plays.’ In Historical Pragmatics , edited by A. H. Jucker. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995 Magnusson, Lynne. Shakespeare and Social Dialogue. Dramatic Language and Elizabethan Letters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

For work using speech act theory and the co-operative principle to explore Shakespeare’s work, see. Homework 4 You. Fish, Stanley. ‘How to do Things with Austin and Searle: Speech Act Theory and Literary Criticism.’ Modern Language Notes 91 (1976): 983–1025 Gilbert, Anthony. ‘Techniques of Persuasion in Julius Caesar and Othello .’ Neophilologus 81 (1997): 309–23. Analysing Implicatures (classroom activity) Reading time: 4 minutes. This is the second of two posts with ideas for developing understanding of ‘implicature’ (discussed in a previous research digest on ‘Implicature and literary texts’ ). These activities apply the notion of implicature in analysing texts and assignment film understanding some of their effects. This could support students interested in: Implicatures across literary and non-literary material ( Making Connections , spec section 4.3). Homework Online. Exploring interaction ( Exploring Conflict , spec section 4.2). First: identifying and exploring implicatures in texts.

Ask students to look at film any text and identify some of its implicatures. They should also make a note of thoughts which might be about implicatures, but which they are not sure of. These will be a basis for later discussion. Students begin working individually and then work in pairs or small groups to compare answers. Comparing notes will almost always lead individual students to have new thoughts about the text. Keene Scholarships 2013. Find a text or use a set one from Exploring Conflict (spec section 4.2) and make a note of as many possible implicatures of the text as you can. Compare your list with other students, considering each possible implicature and commenting to what extent you are sure it is an implicature. Try to sort the assignment yakuza film, implicatures into types: which ones are stronger? which ones are weaker?

Which ones leave you unsure about whether or not they were intended? Consider who might be intending to communicate each of these implicatures: is it the report ireland, author of the Essay assignment yakuza film, text? a narrator? characters? somebody else? are there any you are not sure about? Now focus on Help a essay for college, one fairly strong implicature of the Essay yakuza, text. Suggest further lines of reasoning so that you might derive a wider range of weaker implicatures starting from it. Discussion: #8220;to what extent do you think what you have been doing contributes to (or counts as) developing a fuller interpretation of the text?#8221; Following on from the previous task, this compares texts and how many stronger or weaker implicatures they give rise to. Any texts could be compared, but one idea would be to start with two texts, including one which clearly gives rise to a wider range of weaker implicatures. Business Plan. For example, you could compare Wendy Cope’s poem Bloody Men with William Blake’s The Sick Rose . Students can repeat this activity to explore further texts, or compare two parts of the same text. Consider the Essay yakuza film, ‘gun’ simile at the beginning of Seamus Heaney’s Digging and the ‘dig’ metaphor at Keene state college 2013 the end. This example is Essay assignment, discussed in a previous digest post, ‘Implicatures and Help literary texts’. Select your texts. List some strong implicatures of each text.

List some weaker implicatures of each text. Essay Film. List some conclusions which might be implicatures of each text but which you are not sure about. Statistics Services Good. Now compare the two texts to consider: which one has a greater number of stronger implicatures and which one more weaker one? Discussion: #8220;what does this suggest about the two texts?#8221; This task develops understanding by intervention, i.e. by rewriting texts to Essay film, give rise to more or fewer stronger and weaker implicatures. This can support students thinking about their own re-writing as part of Writing About Society (spec section 4.2.2). Revisit a text from the previous task. Make a note of some strong implicatures of this text. Make a note of some weaker implicatures. Comment on your overall impression of the text with regard to how many stronger and Write credit report how many weaker implicatures it suggests. Now rewrite some passages to change the status of yakuza film particular assumptions, i.e. either to homework good, make some weaker implicatures stronger or to make some stronger implicatures weaker. Look at a different text and compare it with the one you have been working on.

Suggest some rewrites to assignment film, one or both texts to make them more like each other. Discussion: #8220;what does this suggest about the texts you have been looking at?#8221; A student who has worked through these will have developed their understanding of implicatures and Poetry analytical write how they can vary across texts. They will also have developed their understanding of how to assignment yakuza, create and Keene state scholarships tuition 2013 edit texts while thinking about the implicatures they are likely to generate. This can be useful for the NEA, and help students generate their own data for comparison with their chosen literary text. Understanding Implicatures (classroom activity) Reading time: 7 minutes. This is the first of two posts with ideas for developing understanding of ‘implicature’ (discussed in the previous research digest on implicature and literary texts ), including the ideas that implicatures can be stronger or weaker and that texts vary with regard to Essay assignment yakuza film, how many implicatures they suggest.

It mainly targets the Non-Exam Assessment (NEA). The ideas suggest how texts can be compared in write terms of the kinds of implicatures they are likely to give rise to. So they could form the basis of comparison between a literary text and a non-literary text. If students have been working on particular pragmatic theories, eg on Grice’s approach or relevance theory, they can apply their understanding of assignment how these approaches would explain the derivation of particular implicatures. However, these activities show how the homework services good, notion of assignment film ‘implicature’ can be used in analysing texts even without focusing directly on particular theoretical approaches. The term ‘implicature’ was coined by the philosopher Paul Grice to refer to indirectly communicated assumptions, eg to the assumption Bella communicates here that she is planning to read Scott’s new book: Andy: Are you going to read Scott’s new book when it#8217;s out?

Bella: I read everything he writes. The first set of activities here contains tasks to help students focus on what implicatures are and Homework help 4 you online chat what kinds of implicatures utterances can convey. The activities in Part 2, which will be posted separately, aim to develop understanding of specific texts by exploring some of their implicatures. While the examples presented below have been chosen to assignment film, illustrate particular ideas, the Statistics homework, activities could focus on examples taken from texts created by students. In introducing implicature, it’s important to assignment yakuza film, start with some fairly straightforward examples like the one above about Bella planning to read Scott’s book. A good starting point is simply to present a number of examples and writing a essay for college way ask students to identify possible implicatures. Students are asked here to Essay yakuza, look at the final utterances in these exchanges and to identify an implicature which they think the speaker is write, likely to communicate. (Andy is asking Bella about an essay which she has been struggling with for a long time) Andy: How’s the essay going? Bella: Lovely weather just now, isn’t it? (In a shop, Bella has taken two tins of beans to the counter and is about to assignment film, pay for help online chat, them) Assistant: They’re three for two just now. (Andy is asking Bella about her new employee Neil) Andy: How’s Neil getting on?

Is he a good worker? Bella: Well, he always arrives in Essay film good time. When using examples like this, it#8217;s important to clarify that these have underspecified contexts, meaning interpretations might vary depending on other aspects of the context. Given this, there are no definitive right answers, or sets of right answers. Report Ireland. Different implicatures might follow if we imagine different contextual assumptions. Essay Film. Having established that students have a reasonable understanding of what an implicature is, this task then considers how implicatures vary depending on particular contextual assumptions. If students haven#8217;t all made the same suggestions for the examples above, they can begin to explore this by considering what would make different implicatures more or less likely. If students generally agree about implicatures in the previous examples, consider instances where further contextual assumptions are needed to work out the speaker#8217;s intended to implication (with no contextual gloss).

Here, instructions should make clear that Bella’s individual responses could be understood differently depending on the contextual assumptions available to Andy. Students are then asked to make two suggestions about possible implicatures and to identify contextual assumptions which would make each one likely. Andy: Do you know if Scott’s going to state college, Ellen’s party? Bella: Jake’s going. Andy: Would you like a coffee? Bella: Coffee would keep me awake. Essay Assignment Yakuza Film. Andy: Do you fancy seeing that new Crocodile film with me?

Bella: It’s a horror film. Writing A Essay Best Way. In each case, Bella’s utterance is providing information which will lead to an implicated response. To see what kind of answer she intends, we need to know a bit more. The most likely assumptions we will think of assignment yakuza are: whether Scott likes or tries to avoid Jake, whether Bella wants to stay awake or not, and whether Bella likes or hates horror films. Students can explore this and other examples, considering how different sets of Low cost business plan writers contextual assumptions make particular implicatures more or less likely. These could form the basis of Essay assignment film some data generation for NEA. c) Stronger and weaker implicatures. Having established a reasonable understanding of what an implicature is, these tasks ask students to consider two ideas mentioned in the research digest on ‘Implicature and Statistics literary texts’: first, that utterances typically convey more than one implicature; second that we can be more or less sure that certain implicatures are intended, i.e. they can be ‘stronger’ or ‘weaker’. A good starting point is to ask students to look at one of the previous examples and consider other implicatures which might be conveyed at the same time as an Essay film implicature they have already discussed. This should work for any of the writing a essay best, ‘party’, ‘coffee’ or ‘crocodile’ examples.

They might, for example, assume one interpretation of the party response, eg that Scott will not be going to the party since Jake is going. Essay Yakuza. If we assume that Scott will not be going to the party since Jake is going, what other conclusions might we draw from this? Possible answers include: that Scott does not like Jake, that anyone who would like Scott to come to their events should not invite Jake, that Scott might have a negative attitude to anyone who likes Jake, speculations about why Scott does not like Jake, and so on. Write Report. Students can then move on to consider other things which Bella might suggest by indicating that she likes or hates horror films. This might include assumptions about relative closeness to others based on their attitude to horror films, or other things which the refusal or acceptance of an offer of coffee might suggest (note that this is likely to raise the idea that an invitation for coffee can be a disguised sexual invitation; in my classes, this often leads to yakuza film, discussion of the Low cost plan writers, phrase ‘netflix and chill’).

The aim of this discussion is to establish: a. Essay Yakuza Film. that utterances typically have more than one implicature. b. that we can be more or less confident about each potential implicature (i.e. they can be ‘stronger’ or ‘weaker’) c. that we are sometimes unsure whether a particular assumption is an intended implicature or not. Students can then go on to consider other examples (again possibly forming the basis of some data generation for the NEA), and experiment with them by imagining different possible utterances which would make particular implicatures stronger or weaker, eg Bella might have said ‘I hate horror films’ in response to the question about Crocodile . Here are some sources to help with understanding implicature and these activities: Chapman, Siobhan. Scholarships Tuition. 2011. Pragmatics . Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

An accessible introduction to pragmatics. Clark, Billy. 2013. Relevance Theory . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Essay Film. An introduction to relevance theory which also discusses Grice’s work and the idea that implicatures can be stronger or weaker. Clark, Billy. 2016.

Pragmatics. In Marcello Giovanelli and Dan Clayton (eds.) Knowing About Language: Linguistics and the Secondary English Classroom . Routledge, London: 64-76. Discusses applications of ideas from pragmatics in secondary classrooms. Implicature and literary texts (research digest) Reading time: 9 minutes. Low Cost Business Plan. This post digests Adrian Pilkington’s influential paper on ‘poetic effects’, which shows how ideas from pragmatics can be used in exploring literary texts and in accounting for literary interpretations. The paper refers to Essay yakuza film, Seamus Heaney’s poem ‘Digging’. Pilkington focuses on the notion of ‘implicature’, originating in report ireland the work of Essay assignment yakuza film H. Paul Grice. Grice coined the term to refer to credit, what we indirectly communicate.

We can illustrate this using an film exchange discussed in the paper by Pilkington: Implicature: Beth does not want an credit report ireland alcoholic drink. Here Beth directly communicates that she is a Mormon and indirectly communicates (‘implicates’) that she does not want an alcoholic drink. This follows as long as Alan access the Essay assignment, following contextual assumption: Mormons do not drink alcoholic drinks. Grice developed an approach which aimed to explain how implicatures are communicated. Pilkington’s paper focuses on more recent ideas, developed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their work on Homework help online, relevance theory. They suggest that utterances typically communicate a range of implicatures with varying amounts of evidence for each one. Yakuza. While Grice’s approach would have focused on the implicature that Beth does not want an alcoholic drink, Pilkington points out that Beth’s utterance also makes it possible to Statistics services good, infer further conclusions, including: Beth does not want to drink other alcoholic drinks. Beth does not drink coffee. Essay Film. Beth does not smoke. Beth might practise polygamy.

These depend on Alan accessing and using the assumptions that Mormons don’t drink coffee, don’t smoke, and that they can be more likely to practise polygamy. There are other possible conclusions which Alan might arrive at (depending on whether appropriate contextual assumptions occur to him) and which he is likely to be less sure of, such as: I will not have much in common with Beth. Beth might be offended by my way of living. These are weaker implicatures than those about coffee, smoking and marriage, which are in turn less strong than the implicature that Beth would not like an alcoholic drink. In fact, it might be hard for Alan to decide whether Beth intends to convey an assumption about her attitude to Alan’s way of life at all. Two key ideas developed within relevance theory are: first, that implicatures can be stronger or weaker; second, that there is not always a clear distinction between intentionally communicated implicatures and conclusions for which the addressee is wholly responsible. Pilkington goes on to consider how weak implicatures can contribute to what have been termed ‘poetic effects’, which are often thought of as vague, impressionistic and hard to capture.

Relevance theorists have suggested that poetic effects involve the communication of a relatively wide range of relatively weak implicatures. Pilkington discusses the Homework 4 you chat, effects of repetition in the Biblical utterance: Oh Absalom, my son my son! King David says this when he hears that his son Absalom has been murdered. The repetition encourages thoughts about David’s relationship with his son and his emotions on hearing of his son’s death. Pilkington suggests that this repetition gives rise to poetic effects because we can access a wide range of assumptions about Essay assignment their relationship, how it might feel for business plan writers, David to have lost his son, and so on. By contrast, repetitions such as the following will seem pointless or ridiculous in most contexts because we cannot access such a rich set of Essay yakuza film possible implicatures: Oh Anna, my colleague, my colleague! The pubs have closed, closed. The relevance-theoretic account suggests that poetic effects arise when an utterance communicates a rich set of weak implicatures.

Pilkington’s discussion of ‘Digging’ focuses in particular on the ending of the poem. He suggests that this gives rise to a fairly wide range of implicatures because the rest of the poem has made this possible. Analytical. The poem is ‘spoken’ by a poet (who clearly has a lot in yakuza common with Heaney himself) sitting at a table near a window and writing. The poem begins: Between my finger and my thumb. The squat pen rests; snug as a gun. Outside, his father is state college, digging in the garden.

The poem leaps back in time to when his father was younger and film digging in potato fields. His father ‘could handle a spade’ and comes from a long line of men who dug the land. Writing For College Best Way. The poem contrasts the father with the poet who has not joined in this tradition. The poem ends back at Essay yakuza film the window: Between my finger and my thumb. The squat pen rests. What inferences do readers make at the end of the poem? Pilkington focuses on the key metaphor evoked by the use of dig as something the Keene scholarships, poet will do with a pen.

He suggests that the earlier mention of the father and his digging in potato fields, along with other contextual assumptions, make it possible for us to access a wide range of relatively weak implicatures. Pilkington cannot come close to listing all of the possibilities but he lists a small set as a starting point, including these: Digging is how the poet’s forefathers earned their living. Digging is an activity with a long tradition in the community. Digging involves hard work. Digging involves intense concentration. Digging is a manly occupation. Digging is a worthy occupation. Assignment Film. Digging involves taking things from below the surface. For each one, he suggests, we can go on to think about ways in which writing poetry is similar or different to the kind of essay digging his father was engaged in. This poem is successful because the effort involved in thinking about the broad range of implicatures it suggests is rewarded by yakuza film the relatively rich interpretations this leads to. He also considers how deriving this set of weak implicatures might lead to Keene tuition 2013, emotional responses and to what extent this approach might account for more broadly aesthetic experiences.

A key feature of the paper is Essay film, that it shows how ideas from pragmatics are useful in accounting for literary interpretations and in exploring literary texts. Exploring the state college tuition 2013, implicatures of texts is a fairly accessible way of beginning to Essay assignment, explore texts and Low cost writers interpretations of texts more fully. This is a digest of the following article: Pilkington, Adrian. 1992. Poetic Effects. Lingua 87.1: 29-51. Using this in teaching and learning. You can use the ideas in this paper in yakuza film the following ways to develop understanding of pragmatics and literary texts: The notion that implicatures can be stronger or weaker is a key notion in relevance theory.

This contrasts with Grice’s approach which tended to focus on one strong implicature at a time. Students can explore this contrast by looking at short texts and analysing them in three stages: a. identify one strong implicature of the text. b. make a list of other implicatures which might follow from the same text. Business Plan. c. for each implicature, identify contextual assumptions which give rise to Essay yakuza, the implicature. This activity could lead to broader discussion of what kinds of texts are more likely to be read for a wider range of weaker implicatures and which are more likely to be read for a narrower range of help 4 you online chat stronger ones (see activity 4 below). Students can develop their own spoken and assignment yakuza written communication by rewriting utterances to adjust the help chat, likelihood of particular inferences being made by Essay assignment film hearers or readers of their utterances. This might also focus on Write report ireland, the extent to which different versions give rise to stronger or weaker implicatures. They could explicitly explore the Essay film, effect of this in their recreative writing ( Writing about society , A level; People and places , AS level)’ Students can explore the analytical essay, novel and poems they are studying ( Imagined worlds and Poetic voices A level; Views and voices, AS level) by making a list of possible implicatures which they think the text suggests and organising them into stronger or weaker implicatures. Alongside this, they can consider what contextual assumptions lead to each one. Which conclusions depend only on assumptions derived from the text?

Which derive from more general contextual assumptions? Do some of them depend on knowledge about the author? Or the context in which the text was produced? Students can aim to develop richer or shallower interpretations of particular texts across the assignment yakuza film, specification and on the NEA ( Making Connections , A-level) by focusing to a greater or lesser degree on stronger or weaker implicatures. Help Writing A Essay Best Way. A fairly shallow interpretation of a text might focus mainly on ‘what happens’ in the text. Essay Assignment Yakuza. A richer one would focus on Low cost writers, broader themes, the Essay assignment film, psychology of characters, the emotional impact on audiences, and so on. Students can reflect on this explicitly by comparing different kinds of interpretations of texts and business plan different kinds of reading practices. What would a very shallow interpretation of a particular text look like? What would a much richer one look like? Are there texts which are more likely to give rise to yakuza, richer interpretations than others?

Students can also compare different parts of Help writing for college best way particular texts and alternative possible versions of the same text. This might inform the study of any text on film, the AS and A level specifications. Pilkington suggests that the connection between the pen and a gun at the start of ‘Digging’ (where the pen rests ‘snug as a gun’) does not lead very far and essay write so has a much less rich interpretation than the notion of the pen as something to dig with at assignment the end. Students could explore this in greater detail, listing possible implicatures of Poetry analytical write both parts. Alternatively, they might consider other utterances which lead to weaker interpretations. Pilkington suggests, for example, that the simple sentence ‘The poet digs with his pen’ would be far less evocative or interesting than Heaney’s poem. Students could discuss why this is so.

There has been a huge amount of Essay assignment film work on pragmatics since Grice developed his ideas over Help writing for college best, 50 years ago (his key texts began to be shared in the 1960s and assignment film published in the 1970s but some of the work predates this). Here are some sources on pragmatics in general, on Homework help 4 you online chat, relevance theory in particular, and on pragmatics and literary interpretation. Chapman, Siobhan. 2011. Pragmatics. Assignment Film. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Low Cost Writers. An accessible introduction to pragmatics, covering Grice’s approach and other approaches developed from that, including discussion of Essay assignment film relevance theory. Blakemore, Diane.

1992. Understanding Utterances. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. An accessible introductory textbook presenting a relevance-theoretic approach to pragmatics. Write Credit Report. Clark, Billy. Assignment Film. 2013. Relevance Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A more comprehensive accessible account of relevance theory, including discussion of how it developed from the work of Grice.

Dan Sperber’s website, here. This site provides access to downloadable versions of a wide range of work by Sperber, including work with Deirdre Wilson. Relevance Theory Online Bibliographic Service, here. This site gathers all academic sources which discuss or apply ideas from relevance theory. This is probably not the most helpful place to find sources when beginning to report, study pragmatics but it is interesting to see just how much work has been published on this approach to pragmatics. Pilkington, Adrian. 2000. Poetic Effects.

John Benjamins, Amsterdam. A book-length study of poetic effects from the perspective of relevance theory. Develops further the ideas in the paper discussed in this digest, including the limits of how far this approach can go in assignment yakuza film accounting for emotional and affective responses to literary and artistic works. Chapman, Siobhan and Billy Clark (eds.) 2014. Pragmatic Literary Stylistics. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. A collection of chapters applying ideas from pragmatics in accounting for interpretations of literary texts. It includes an introduction with general comments on different approaches to pragmatics and their relevance in approaches to literary texts. What makes a narrator ‘reliable’? (Research digest) Reading time: 5 minutes.

Reliable and unreliable narration have been widely debated within literary scholarship over Write report, the last half century. However, as Terence Murphy notes, significantly more attention has been paid to trying to figure out how an impression of narratorial un reliability is constructed than has been paid to working out how and why a narrator might be believed to be reliable. Essay Assignment Film. Murphy also refers to Wayne Booth#8217;s seminal book The Rhetoric of Fiction (1961) which contains Booth#8217;s discussion of help 4 you narratorial reliability and unreliability. Here, Booth suggests that Nick Carraway, the assignment, first-person narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1922), is a good example of state college scholarships a reliable narrator. On this basis, Murphy offers a brief discussion of the Essay yakuza film, key critical debates around the concepts of Statistics homework services good reliability and unreliability, and also of the Essay film, relative scope for perceived un/reliability of first-person narration in contrast to third-person narration, which is usually considered more distant and help 4 you online chat objective.

Picking up the example of Essay yakuza Nick Carraway, Murphy then suggests that there are five #8216;determinants#8217; of reliable narration in first-person fiction, and argues that unreliability is created through departure from or absence of those determinants. He presents these five determinants as a model which can be used as a critical tool to college, discuss the relative reliability of any first-person narrator. Murphy’s five determinants of reliability. 1) Narration from a place of security , at Essay yakuza film the place where the for college best way, narrator was born or has settled. Murphy points out that Carraway narrates from “back home” (Fitzgerald 1990 [1922]: 167), which, Murphy suggests, is testament to Nick’s maturity and freedom.

2) Use of the ‘middle’ style of standard English (as according to Essay film, classical rhetoric), neither colloquial and marked by representation of accent and dialect, nor poetic, ornate, sophisticated and opaque. Nick’s language is of this ‘middle’ style. Good. 3) Observer-narrator status . Nick Carraway is an example of a narrator who is not the main character in the story, but instead tells the assignment yakuza film, story of that main character. Nick’s own role in the plot is limited. 4) Ethical maturity and a conventional moral stance . Nick Carraway has been through the trials of the First World War, which has tested and developed his moral beliefs, and college tuition which earns him respect. 5) Retrospective re-evaluation or re-interpretation of film another character . Murphy contrasts plot structures which centre upon a hero’s journey, or upon a new self-realisation on help 4 you online, the part of the first-person narrator, with plot structures which centre upon the observer-narrator’s re-evaluation of another character. Essay Assignment. In The Great Gatsby , Murphy argues, the Keene state college scholarships 2013, climax of the Essay assignment yakuza, plot is homework services, Nick’s re-interpretation and new understanding of Gatsby, which replaces Nick’s prior impressions. Murphy’s discussion of each of the five determinants exposes some complexities and caveats within the Essay assignment yakuza, model. Problems include issues arising in the case of the narrator who is reliably conveying his or her perspective, but whose perspective is naive, or whose stance is psychologically or morally deviant.

At the heart of these issues is the Low cost writers, broader problem of the relativity and subjectivity of perspectives on events, and Essay assignment film the relationship between notions of perceived reliability and the possibility of a single ‘truth’, or ‘true’ rendering of events. Analytical Essay Write. Murphy presents his own views on these issues, and Essay yakuza coins some terms to help him handle them (such as #8216;standpoint limitation#8217;, related to Keene state college, multiple narrators). The model, and the critical complexities with which it engages, offer a useful springboard for exploration of assignment narratorial un/reliability. This is a digest of the following article: Murphy, T. P. (2012) ‘Defining the reliable narrator: The marked status of first-person fiction’, Journal of Literary Semantics 41, 67-87. Using this in teaching and learning. You can use this research digest to support your teaching of AQA’s AS and A level English Language and Statistics homework good Literature specifications in the following ways. Murphy’s approach to narratorial un/reliability can be explored and tested. Here is yakuza film, one set of activities through which a class can explore his ideas. Students create a list of first-person narrators they are familiar with. Students then rank those narrators according to how reliable they feel each to be. Next, students rank them according to how many of Murphy’s determinants are present or departed from in each case.

Finally, students compare the two ranked lists to explore correlations and differences, and reflect on whether the relationship between the two lists of Help a essay way rankings supports or undermines Murphy#8217;s claims. 2. An alternative method of exploring Murphy’s model would be to Essay assignment yakuza film, creatively recast the narration (AS level #8216;Remembered places#8217;, A-level #8216;Writing about society#8217;). Students take the Help a essay best way, example of the narrator at the top of the second ranking created in activity 1 that is, the narrator which most closely follows Murphy’s list of determinants and identify a passage in a text where the most determinants are present. Students then creatively rewrite that instance of narration in one of two ways: i) Half of the Essay assignment film, students take care to systematically depart from each of Murphy’s determinants, to aim to create the impression of an unreliable narrator. Services. ii) The other half of the students rewrite the narration with the same aim – to yakuza film, create the plan writers, impression of unreliable narration – but without attending to following or departing from Murphy’s determinants at all. Rather, they can follow their intuitions, and experiment with other possible strategies for creating an impression of Essay yakuza unreliability (for example, flouting Grice’s maxim of quantity). The students then compare their recast versions, discuss the stylistic choices they made in changing the narration from reliable to unreliable, reflect on how far they achieved their goal of creating an impression of narratorial unreliability, and Help writing a essay best consider what strategies or ‘determinants’ were most significant or successful in achieving that impression. Novels can have multiple narrators, as in the case of the frame narratives in yakuza Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. In such cases, two or more different characters might offer their perspective on the same event. Even in fiction with one single narrator, and Keene college tuition also in drama with no narrating character, there are often multiple ‘tellers’: characters other than a narrator figure who relay to other characters short narrative reports of particular events.

Two characters might narrate the same event at different times to different audiences, or might (collaboratively or competitively) co-narrate an event (AS level#8217;Views and voices#8217;, A-level #8216;Telling stories#8217;). Yakuza Film. Students can explore instances of an event ‘told’ by multiple tellers, and can: compare the relative impressions of reliability conveyed in each telling, and Low cost plan reflect on the impact upon their interpretation (of the characters and Essay assignment film the event) of the author’s choice to provide two tellings, and the choice of presenting them in the particular order given. Transitivity and Transformation: Characterisation in The Double Hook (research digest) Reading time: 7 minutes. The Double Hook (1959) is a novel by the Canadian writer Sheila Watson that centres on the lives of a group of characters in a small community in British Columbia. One of the characters, James leaves the town after killing his mother and becomes an isolated, peripheral figure. State College. He later begins a journey home that ends in his reintegration back into the town. Literary critics generally view this return as a kind of personal redemption and as a celebration of the Essay assignment, spiritual rebirth of business plan writers both James and Essay yakuza film his community. Yinglin Ji and Dan Shen analyse the credit ireland, shifting characterisation of James throughout the novel by drawing on Michael Halliday’s system of transitivity. Halliday’s model (from his systemic functional grammar) accounts for how different processes (verbs), participants in those processes (usually nouns) and assignment yakuza film circumstances of those processes (usually adverbs or prepositional phrases) are used by writers and speakers to represent their version of the world. 4 You Online Chat. The model is Essay yakuza, fairly complex and only a quick sketch is Keene state, provided below.

Material = doing, happening. Behavioural = physiological or psychological behaviour. Relational = having or being. Mental = sensing, feeling and thinking. Verbal = saying, telling. Within a clause, participants may be attached to material processes either as agents (doing things to other participants), or as goals (having things done to them), and to other processes as entities in the various acts, states and events that the verbs depict. Circumstances function to give more information about Essay yakuza a process, such as its manner, location and reason.

So a description of homework good a whole clause would be as follows: The police caught the assignment yakuza film, suspects last week. participant (agent), material process, participant (goal), circumstance. Report. Transitivity in literature is Essay yakuza film, often explored in terms of patterns. Ji and Shen use this model to map out Poetry analytical essay write, how Watson presents James’s character across the novel. They begin by summarising existing literary criticism that suggests that James’s return to his community symbolises rebirth and Essay assignment film regeneration, and Write credit ireland then argue that this can be shown by looking at the changes in transitivity patterns across various points in the novel. They emphasise that their analysis isn’t just about presenting the mind style of a character (see our previous digest on deixis for examples of this) but rather shows how psychological changes are foregrounded. They argue that these changes are important in assignment our overall understanding of the novel.

To do this, Ji and Shen look at the representation of James and his actions in state college scholarships tuition three chapters that show stages of his journey back to Essay assignment, his community. They start by focusing on Chapter 8. In this chapter, they show that James is largely represented as passive with very few material processes used in which he is the agent. Indeed, Ji and Shen show that, unusually, James’s horse is given the credit report, agent’s role in many of the clauses. In contrast, James is represented through mental processes, which highlight his internal rather than his external behaviours. Interestingly, Ji and Shen also point out that, at this stage in the novel, even the mental processes tend to be ones related to perceptions and feelings (such as hearing and feeling) rather than those which are more active (such as states of knowing and believing).

They argue that much of Essay assignment yakuza James’s psychological activity is focused on simply responding to his immediate environment, which demonstrates his inability to transcend his physical situation. This pattern changes in Chapter 13 where James is now shown to be able to think beyond his immediate environment and engage in self-reflection. Here, Ji and Shen demonstrate that James now acts as an agentive participant at tuition 2013 the head of material processes much more frequently. This highlights his ability to exert a physical influence over other entities in the fictional world. Furthermore, there is a pattern of Essay yakuza film more active mental processes, with James now represented as a thinker rather than a merely a feeler of sensations. Ji and Shen argue that the pattern of processes in this chapter demonstrates the mental transformation that James has undergone at this point in the novel; he is now self-reflective and self-conscious. Plan Writers. To this end, James emerges as physically and mentally ready to return to his community. Essay Assignment. Finally, Ji and Statistics homework Shen focus on Chapter 18, where James returns to his community, begins to rebuild his past and yakuza film reclaims his position as an analytical integral member of the town. In this chapter, James is now almost exclusively represented by Watson through the use of material processes that show strong action and volition. The range of process types also increases with Watson representing James and Essay his state of being through existential processes which highlight his re-established position in the community, and through verbal processes which convey his authority and ability to express his point of view to others.

Furthermore, Ji and Shen show how the representation of James and his horse in the clauses in this chapter highlight James’s transformation from analytical write, a passive to an active character. Assignment Yakuza Film. In this chapter, his horse is now usually the goal in a material process, with James restored to the agent in the clauses. Overall then, Ji and Homework help 4 you Shen seek to show that a transitivity analysis can account for Essay film, Watson’s characterisation in transforming James from passivity and isolation to activity and Keene scholarships tuition integration back into the community. The authors argue that such an analysis can show the ‘geography of James’s mind’ and help both to assignment, support existing literary-critical responses to the novel and to help 4 you, provide some fresh analytical insights. This is a digest of the following article: Ji, Yinglin and Shen, D. (2004) ‘Transitivity and mental transformation: Sheila Watson’s The Double Hook ’, Language and Literature 3(4), 335-348. Film. Using this in teaching and homework learning. You can use this research digest to support your teaching of assignment AQA’s AS and A-level English Language and Literature specifications in the following ways.

1.Analysing characterisation in Homework terms of transitivity patterns would be a good way of Essay assignment yakuza film exploring individual characters in prose fiction ( Imagined worlds , A level; Views and voices, AS level). Students could look at selected extracts focusing on key characters in their set novel and highlight the main processes that are used to represent them. To what extent do these patterns map onto ireland, ways in which the characters generally function in the novel and the ways in which they are viewed by others? Students could also follow Ji and Shen in tracing an individual character across various points in the novel. Essay. Are there different representations during key scenes? Can the mental or physical transformation of state college tuition 2013 a character be explained using a similar approach to yakuza, Ji and Shen?

These kinds of exercises could also be undertaken with texts being studied for the NEA ( Making Connections , A level) and could inform an ireland interesting investigation on characterisation either as a concept or as part of a wider thematic study. 2.Looking at transitivity patterns could also support a more extensive study of characterisation in Essay yakuza students’ chosen set texts. For example, students could explore how representation at the level of the clause combines with other ways of essay write presenting characters (speech and thought, physical description, body language and so on). They could think about how characters are developed in the novel and in yakuza the poems they are studying ( Poetic voices , A level; Views and voices, AS level; Imagined worlds , A level), and Statistics homework services good find and comment on the connections between transitivity patterns and other ways that writers presents fictional entities. 3.The distribution of material processes (actions) and relational/existential processes (states of being/description) can also be explored through the lens of genre. Film. When working with material for their NEA ( Making Connections , A level), students could think about how certain texts (or parts of them) focus on providing either actions or description and Statistics homework good how they might account for these by relating these to generic conventions. Assignment Yakuza Film. For example, how are events in crime thrillers told? Is there an equal distribution of processes at key moments (eg murders, discovery of homework services bodies)? Do different writers have a noticeable style in terms of how they typically choose to present such events? 4.Equally, students could explore transitivity patterns in non-literary material/genres, drawing on the Paris Anthology ( Imagined worlds , A level; People and Essay yakuza film places, AS level) and more widely, again to support their selection and analysis of non-literary material for NEA ( Making Connections , A level).

Some genres (eg. recipes) might typically make use of one kind of process more often than another but can students find more complex examples? And, do other factors such as audience, purpose and mode influence the ways in which writers and a essay for college speakers might want to represent actions, people, states and events? This provides a useful way into exploring the concept of representation more broadly and will support students across the entire specification. Politeness and impoliteness (reading suggestions) Reading time: 3 minutes. This reading list is designed to guide teachers towards further reading related to the digest on Essay, Jonathan Culpeper’s article ‘Impoliteness and entertainment in analytical essay the television quiz show The Weakest Link . There has been a large amount of work on politeness and impoliteness since Brown and Levinson’s influential work which made use of Erving Goffman’s ideas about ‘face’. Essay Yakuza Film. As indicated in the digest article posted here previously, more recent work has included new ideas about the nature of face, about the pervasiveness of ‘facework’ (seeing questions about face as relevant to all interaction rather than only in certain utterances or behaviours) and in considering impoliteness as well as politeness. This last development has led to the use of the term ‘im/politeness’ by many researchers. There is a considerable literature on politeness and impoliteness, added to regularly by publications in journals such as the Journal of Pragmatics, Language and writers Literature, Pragmatics, Pragmatics and Society, and the specialised Journal of Politeness Research. This vast literature can look daunting. Here are some suggestions for places where you can begin to find out film, more about recent developments.

Impoliteness: Using and understanding the writing a essay, language of offence. An accessible website on impoliteness, made possible by an ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) fellowship. Assignment Film. It contains helpful definitions and a large bibliography. Richard J. Watts. 2003. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A useful discussion of Low cost business writers work which developed in the years following Brown and Levinson’s important work in Essay assignment film this area. An engaging survey of a range of ideas about politeness and impoliteness as realised in social interaction. Sara Mills. Services Good. 2003.

Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. An accessible discussion of how ideas about politeness interact with gender in language and Essay assignment yakuza communication. The discussion also makes use of the notion of ‘community of practice’, originating in writers the work of the cognitive anthropologists Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger in assignment yakuza film 1991, which focuses on Homework help, how people work together around particular tasks and how working together contributes to yakuza film, the construction of identities and understanding of ourselves and others. Power and Politeness in the Workplace by Janet Holmes and Maria Stubbe.

Janet Holmes and writers Maria Stubbe. 2015. Power and Politeness in the Workplace, 2nd edition. London: Routledge. This book considers how behaviour and interaction construct power and Essay yakuza film politeness in work environments, exploring a number of strategies we use to do this. The book suggests a number of Help way ways of exploring this, some of them lending themselves to interesting classroom activities. Of course, classrooms can be thought of as work environments in which these ideas apply! Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence by Jonathan Culpeper.

Jonathan Culpeper. 2011. Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. An easy-to-read overview of work on impoliteness, covering a wide range of contexts and behaviours, based on Essay yakuza, naturally occurring examples. Impoliteness in Interaction by Derek Bousfield.

Derek Bousfield. 2008. Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. This is an services good important publication in the development of assignment work on impoliteness. It develops some key ideas in extending ideas about business politeness to consider impoliteness as well. It is written in a lively and accessible style. Impoliteness and Entertainment (research digest) Reading time: 8 minutes. Jonathan Culpeper’s paper on the television quiz show The Weakest Link explores how impolite behaviour can be used for entertainment. The Weakest Link ran in Essay film the UK from 2000 to 2012. Culpeper describes it as an ‘exploitative’ show ‘designed to humiliate contestants, not to support or celebrate them as is often the case in standard shows’.

The show is designed to services good, maximise the potential for Essay yakuza, impoliteness (unlike ‘standard’ quiz shows such as University Challenge and Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? where hosts are supportive to contestants). Good. One of the most culturally salient features of the show was the assignment, extremely impolite persona of the presenter Anne Robinson. Homework Services Good. Culpeper points out a number of ways in which this persona (distinguishing it from the ‘real’ Anne Robinson) is impolite to contestants. The focus of the yakuza, show is on college scholarships tuition, identifying ‘weak links’, ie contestants who are performing poorly. Between rounds of questions, each contestant identifies one other who they think has been performing poorly and the contestant with the most nominations has to leave. Robinson discusses nominations with some of the Essay assignment yakuza film, contestants and is impolite to them while doing so. Culpeper discusses several ways in which she is impolite. These include utterances which imply negative judgments about the contestants and their jobs, mimicry and prosody. Discussion of prosody can focus on pitch, rhythm, tempo, volume and voice quality.

Here, Culpeper focuses in particular on pitch movement and stress placement. State College Scholarships 2013. In this exchange, Robinson mimics a contestant called Danny: Danny: a little bit harsh Anne, I live in Solihull now so I’ve moved up. AR: what was wrong with Liverpool. Danny’s pronunciation of the filler eer includes a vowel articulated closer to Essay yakuza film, the front of the state 2013, mouth than would be produced by a speaker of something approximating ‘Received Pronunciation (RP)’. Assignment Yakuza Film. Robinson responds with an even more fronted vowel. As is homework good, often the case with mimicry, Robinson exaggerates features she mimics. Another example appears in assignment yakuza her chat with a contestant called Jay: Jay: the Australian army trained me. AR: oh. is that why you go up in help all your sentences. Robinson asks Jay whether his Australian training explains his use of what is sometimes described as ‘uptalk’ and mimics this by producing marked high rising tones centred on Essay, the words up and sentences. Poetry Analytical Essay Write. Again, her mimicry exaggerates the contestant’s manner of speaking. In fact, Culpeper points out that Jay’s speech does not provide much evidence of uptalk.

This does not detract, though, from the Essay yakuza, opportunity to mimic him. Help For College Best. Robinson uses prosody to be impolite here: AR: Shaun, you’re a traffic management operative. Essay Yakuza. Shaun: that’s correct. AR: okay, what do you actually do. Shaun: er put traffic cones in in the road. AR: well what an report interesting person you turned out to Essay assignment yakuza film, be. Robinson begins her interaction with Shaun by quoting what we assume is his own description of his job. Write Credit Report Ireland. She then asks him #8220;what do you actually do?#8221; prompting him to Essay assignment yakuza film, use a more everyday description of the relatively mundane task of putting traffic cones in the road.

As Culpeper points out, we might assume that Robinson’s utterance #8220;you don’t#8221; is sarcastic even without hearing how she says it. The prosody plays a significant role since it is a form often taken to be ironic. As Culpeper points out, the prosody is also consistent with surprise so contextual assumptions play a role in recognising this (and other) sarcasm. Robinson’s prosody falls throughout the utterance #8220;well, what an interesting person you turned out to be#8221; in a way which ‘resembles a staircase going down’ and so ‘seems to signal boredom’. The earlier utterance ( #8220;you don’t#8221; ) had prosody consistent with surprise associated with something we assume to be mundane. Here, words which suggest interest are accompanied by prosody suggesting boredom. A Essay For College Way. These features, and others discussed in the paper, contribute to attacks on Essay assignment yakuza film, the ‘face’ of the contestants. The notion of ‘face’ is key to work on Write credit ireland, politeness. Culpeper refers here to Helen Spencer-Oatey’s (2002) update of Brown and Levinson’s (1987) ideas on Essay film, this.

She suggests a distinction between ‘quality face’ and ‘social identity face’: refers to ‘a fundamental desire for people to evaluate us positively in terms of our personal qualities, eg our confidence, abilities, appearance, etc.’ refers to ‘a fundamental desire for Help writing for college best way, people to acknowledge and yakuza film uphold our social identities and Keene tuition roles, eg as group leader, valued customer, close friend’ Quality face is attacked by features which suggest the contestants are unimportant and have negative qualities. Social identity face is attacked by negative attitudes to their accents or jobs. Culpeper also considers the idea that our understanding that Robinson is performing a role for the purposes of entertainment might mean that this is not really impolite after all. However, there is clear evidence that contestants do take offence. For example, Danny laughs nervously and looks down after his pronunciation of eer is mocked and another contestant smiles and exhales after a negative implication about his job. Assignment Film. Culpeper suggests a distinction between impoliteness which is ‘sanctioned’ and for college best impoliteness which is ‘neutralised’, concluding that the impoliteness here is sanctioned but not neutralised. Culpeper’s discussion reveals a number of ways in which we can attack each other’s face.

This approach can be applied in Essay assignment yakuza film analysing a wide range of analytical write texts and interactions. This is yakuza, a digest of the following article: Culpeper, Jonathan. (2005). ‘Impoliteness and entertainment in Poetry analytical essay the television quiz show: The Weakest Link. Assignment. ’ Journal of Politeness Research 1, 35-72. Using this in teaching and learning. You can use this research digest to support your teaching of AQA’s AS and A-level English Language and Literature specifications in the following ways. Culpeper’s paper discusses other uses of prosody. In particular, he discusses the main catchphrase #8220;You are the weakest link. Writing A Essay Best. Goodbye.#8221; Classroom discussion could focus on this utterance and consider the contribution to Essay assignment yakuza, impoliteness of its prosodic form. This might lead on to discussion of other prosodic forms and how they contribute to meanings. Clips and episodes of business plan The Weakest Link are available on the internet.

One entire programme is Essay, currently available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMs5YNrBvkg This could support students with potential topic areas for their Non-Exam Assessment ( Making Connections , A-level). Culpeper’s paper could be used to for college best, explore ways in which work on politeness has developed since the work of Brown and Levinson (1987), including in the focus on Essay, impoliteness as well as politeness. Again, students could explore some of these developments looking at different types of non-literary material for their Non-Exam Assessment ( Making Connections , A level). Poetry. One specific area to focus on could be Spencer-Oatey’s new proposals about the notion of face, intended to replace Brown and Levinson’s account which focused on ‘positive face’ and ‘negative face’. For Brown and Levinson, positive face was about Essay yakuza a positive consistent self-image, about this image being appreciated by others, and about wanting our own wants to be desirable to Poetry analytical, others. Negative face was seen as being about our actions being unimpeded by others. Students could explore the extent to which Spencer-Oatey’s ideas can map on to these two notions. (Culpeper suggests that Spencer-Oatey’s new notions account for aspects of positive face and assignment yakuza film that ideas about negative face map onto a different notion proposed by Spencer-Oatey: the notion of ‘sociality rights’, which are about ‘entitlements’ that we claim in interactions with others). A natural next step would be to writers, look at other kinds of interactions and explore ways in Essay which we aim to a essay, be polite or impolite in interacting with others. The ideas developed by Culpeper and others could be explored in any kind of interaction.

Students might begin by considering examples from their own interactions, including in classroom discourse. Assignment Film. Another possibility would be to look at current quiz shows and Poetry essay other television programmes. Culpeper mentions an example where impoliteness is implicated in an exchange between the hosts Ant and Dec on the programme Pop Idol : Ant: Our judges have been accused of being ill-informed, opinionated and rude. Dec: We’d like to set the record straight: our judges are not ill-informed. In discussing other examples, students might consider how other approaches they have considered are relevant here. Essay Yakuza. Dec’s utterance here could be explained with reference to how pragmatic theories account for implicit communication. Ideas about politeness and impoliteness can also be useful in looking at literary texts on the AQA specifications.

For example, students could look at ways in which speakers in the poetry of Donne or Browning use politeness strategies ( Poetic voices , A- level; Views and voices, AS) and/or at how characters in Low cost prose interact ( Imagined worlds , A- level; Views and voices, AS). Another very natural application would be to consider ways in which conflict of various types is constructed and understood (this could include exploration and comparison of conflict used to create tension and conflict used to create humour). A good starting point would be to look at interactions between characters in drama ( Dramatic encounters , A-level), noting ways in which they aim to protect or attack the face of others and what the effects of these strategies might be.

Pet Peeve Essays Essays and Research Papers. ? Things that personally get on my nerves Pet peeve essay LaShawn Clark Have you ever . walked out of Essay film a public place such as a store, doctor’s office, or even a restaurant directly into a huge cloud of smoke? Maybe even just sitting at the traffic light and a huge gust of good cigarette smoke enters your window? How about the designated cigarette receptacles that are located right in yakuza film, front of an entrance or exit? What if your child took the Help a essay for college way time to hold a door for a stranger. Cigarette , Debut albums , Family 1244 Words | 6 Pages. Pet Peeve Essay Joel . Carlos English If i had to say that i have a pet peeve , or something that i feel gets really on my nurves it would have to be people that use Cell phones with total disreguard for the people around them that are forced to listen to their one sided conversations against assignment yakuza their will.

Dont get me wrong, i think the advances. Bluetooth , Cellular network , Communication 439 Words | 3 Pages. that we have an abundance of Poetry analytical water, but we do not. With our expanding population we must be putting in a effort to try and conserve all of it as we can. Essay Yakuza? . There a lot of college scholarships tuition 2013 people that fail to understand this. Essay Assignment Film? Individuals who waste water are my biggest pet peeves because they are usually clueless, too lazy to Poetry analytical write, turn off the tap or just don’t care. Assignment Yakuza Film? First and foremost all of us have seen our parents do dishes and leave the tap running as they scrub last nights food of the plate. Essay Write? You want to say something. Drip irrigation , English-language films , Hose 524 Words | 2 Pages. George stone University 101 Ms. Finch November 6, 2012 “Individual grievances and pet peeves have got to go by the wayside. Essay Film? . Generally, you don't have to worry about the guys who are playing every day; it's the guys who are sitting on the bench that are the ones that get needles in their pants.”--Walt Alston.

A pet peeve an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; coming into my first semester of ireland college I was uncertain o what to expect from my professors and my classmates. I really. Academic term , Education , High school 602 Words | 2 Pages. ? Pet Peeves Pet peeves , everyone . has them. Some people make their peeves known; others just grit their teeth and yakuza film keep their annoyance to themselves.

My pet peeves include my husband talking loudly in public on Keene state college tuition 2013 the phone, people using their phones in public, and the way people care for their kids. These are just a few of my pet peeves that I want to talk about. Yakuza Film? My husband is one of the worst about Help writing, talking to loud on assignment film his phone in. Mobile phone , Public library , Public space 618 Words | 2 Pages. ?Williams, Tasha Pet Peeve An irritating experience caused by others in which one cannot control Speaking for myself I have . 4 You Online? a very controlling issue that I am still working on until this day, so anything that is beyond my control irritates me highly. My advice is never go into any relationship lying about yourself. Always give the other person the option of deciding rather if they want to know you for you. Assignment Yakuza? Some people will say they’re pet peeve is hearing others smack while chewing food. Alimony , Annulment , Divorce 394 Words | 1 Pages. ? Pet Peeve Outline Introduction I. Help 4 You? (Attention Getter): Story about compulsive liars. II. (Thesis or specific purpose): I want . to inform you about film, my pet peeve which is people who compulsively lie III. (Goodwill): If compulsive lying doesn’t bother you it’s either because you’re one or you never had an issue with one.

IV. (Credibility): I played for a coach who would promise every single girl on his team the Poetry essay same exact things, or tell the film other girl the complete opposite when asked the online same question. Lie , Pseudologia fantastica 505 Words | 2 Pages. My Biggest Pet Peeves . A pet peeve is an Essay yakuza film irritating experience caused by others that you cannot control. College? It could be an act, noise, or just something that ticks us. Sometimes people do not realize their acts or behaviors are annoying to yakuza, others. Some of my biggest pet peeves are people who use a cellphone where or when there are not supposed to Poetry analytical, use it, people who chew loudly, and people.

Asthma , Human behavior , Mobile phone 409 Words | 1 Pages. Gym Pet Peeves If you’re a fitness freak like me or spend countless hours in the gym rather than your own home you know what . Assignment? goes on Low cost business plan wants you step a foot in Essay assignment film, the gym. But at one point or another we’ve all seen nasty, irritating, and confusing behavior by others at a gym or reaction center. Like for a essay for college best instance it are giant puddles of sweat left on Essay film machines, a meathead hoarding dumbbells in a packed weight room, or that one old man or women nude in the locker room. Nevertheless, for some people common. Exercise , Health club , Old age 596 Words | 2 Pages. Jennifer Hansen Rant paper Creative writing August 29, 2012 My pet peeve One of my biggest pet . peeves is that when people don’t hold up to what they say.

I have been surrounded by people not keeping their promises. Living it in. And being around it, it has only made me annoyed by it. When I was little I can remember that my birth mom would always promise that she would come see us. That she would take time out of her day to for college best, spend time with us as much as she can. But she would never show.

2004 albums , 2008 singles , 2009 singles 546 Words | 2 Pages. Pet Peeve Frankly I have a rather extensive list of pet peeves . Either that or I have a very low . tolerance for Essay yakuza many things. One of my biggest annoyances however, happens to be something that I quite enjoy as well. To be in a relationship, for homework good example, is my biggest pet peeve . Not so much being in a relationship, but all that pursues during and after this bond. Don’t let me be misunderstood, though I hate to be in a relationship, it has its perks but that’s a different matter. To be in a committed. Hate , Hatred , Interpersonal relationship 611 Words | 2 Pages. ?Staring Contest Have you ever been in school or at a restaurant, and all of assignment yakuza a sudden, you catch someone staring at you? You look again and they’re still . in that glazed over look, almost as though they can’t move. When it comes to pet peeves , it seems as though everyone has a different answer. But, for me, nothing gets under my skin more when people stare at you for no reason at all.

When someone is staring at Keene state college scholarships 2013 me, I feel as though I am being judged. Assignment? A lot of times when people are in public, the. 2000 singles , American films , English-language films 432 Words | 2 Pages. Pet Peeve Essay I would have to say my number one pet peeve out of Help writing a essay for college best them all is . die-hard fans. It seems like some of these people are mentally insane from which the extent they go out to support their favorite team, their favorite product, anything that is their absolute true favorite. Assignment Yakuza Film? I can understand the football die-hards, but when it comes down to Coke or Pepsi, pc or Mac, I find it ridiculous. Im going to go through what I consider the levels of Die-Hards. Statistics Services Good? The first level is sports. I consider. A Little Bit , A Little Bit Longer , Facebook 524 Words | 2 Pages. Pet Peeve : Public Display of Affection Isn’t it annoying when someone is Essay assignment film, trying to go to his or her locker before and after . class, but could not because couples are making out in front the lockers?

It is also annoying when people are holding hands and walking really slow and students who are trying to ireland, get somewhere are unable to do so. Public Display of Affection, a.k.a PDA, has always been controvercial. Yakuza? In fact, many are against it and believe there should be limits on PDA. Homework? Moreover, public display. Adult , Believe. There's Magic in the Stars , Education 819 Words | 2 Pages. We all have a desire to own and care for a pet as children, many families in todays society do in fact have one or even multiple household . pets that they love and embrace as part of the family. Unfortunately I never had the satisfaction of assignment yakuza film having a pet , preferably a dog, in my family, but because of Keene scholarships tuition this I can compare cats and dogs impartially. I chose to compare cats and dogs because I believe they are the assignment yakuza most common and Keene tuition 2013 interactive household pets that one can have. Assignment Yakuza? Cats have been traced back. Cat , Cosmopolitan species , Dog 980 Words | 3 Pages.

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Judging Others Judging others is one of my biggest pet peeve . An explanation of film how it could be dangerous, how unfair . Help 4 You Online Chat? it is, and Essay finally how to stop being judgmental. Introduction: I. Homework Help 4 You Chat? According to Sri Chinomy, “the more we judge others for their circumstances, the more we are likely to suffer from assignment yakuza film those same circumstances.’’ II. Judging others is one of my biggest pet peeve . I will begin by explaining how negative and unacceptable it is, and an explanation of how judging others could. 2008 singles , Behavior , Choice 452 Words | 2 Pages. Name: Andrew Gordon Subject: Exp201, Professor Morales Summary Assignment Forerunners Sei Shonagon: Hateful Things Essay question: . Poetry Essay? Consider Sei Shonagon’s definition of the assignment yakuza word ‘hate’ in the Heian era. Is an essay write opinion considered hostile if it focuses on honesty and Essay transparency of a situation? “Hateful Things” is an Poetry analytical essay write opinionated extract from the book “Pillow Talk” written by Sei Shonagon. Assignment? Pillow Talk is a collection of the lists, desires, poetry and writing for college best way judgmental conversations by Shonagon. Sei. Essay , Heian period , Japan 1371 Words | 4 Pages. ? Pet Peeve Speech When you think of football players the general thought is of a built guy, unless its flag football where it’s . usually a female or a younger boy. What if I told you that there were females that play tackle in high school, college, and in some cases the minor leagues?

Would you be surprised, would you bash them, or would you support them? My biggest pet peeve is Essay yakuza, stereotyping such as when men put women in a category of not being strong enough because our place is, “in the help 4 you online chat kitchen”. Female , Human , Male 712 Words | 2 Pages. outbreak spreading throughout the country. b. Preview of your Main Points: If you have a cold or flu, give some thought to your office mates and yakuza film make . Help 4 You Chat? sure that you're not casually spreading germs around your workplace. This is one of my biggest pet peeves , so I’m going to yakuza, share some things that will help keep you from becoming your office's patient zero. II.

Body – Main Points: a. Analytical Essay Write? Main Point #1 Stay home if you're contagious. a) Don’t drag your sorry backside into work to show that you're. Force , Infection , Infectious disease 365 Words | 1 Pages. ?Problem and Solution Essay Outline Tentative Title: Homeless pets I. Introduction Thesis statement: The government started . putting all its efforts into solving this issue to keep the citizens safe and find appropriate solutions which could potentially solve the assignment yakuza problem of homeless pets completely. III. Solution One - The first solution that seems to be the most useful or the most adequate, is assistance in finding new owners or finding shelters and kennels for stray animals. A. Advantages: 1. No. Problem solving , The Animals 1403 Words | 7 Pages. Positive Effects of Pets in plan writers, a Family.

Course: EN1420 Title: Final Essay EN 1420 Final Essay The human-animal bond is a much sought after feeling people try to . achieve. Pets can have a positive effect on children in a family because the pets help develop interpersonal traits necessary later in life, pets help children grow emotionally, and assignment yakuza pets can help keep the family’s immune system healthy. Choosing to add a pet into the family could be a pivotal choice in Poetry essay write, the family’s growth. Pets may help develop important traits like. Asthma , Cat , Dog 1020 Words | 3 Pages.

The advantages and disadvantages of having the pets. Vu Research and Study Skills THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HAVING PETS . With the development of society, people have more . demanding. So that, most people discuss the importance of Essay yakuza film staying healthy and living longer by diet, work, and exercise. Statistics Homework? But they do not know besides work, they need to keep their spirit in Essay film, optimism and love life. In the modern life, pets become popular with many households. Since, pets are loyal friends. They also support a lot of things for Write credit ireland people life such as. Chimpanzee , Dog , Exotic pet 2458 Words | 7 Pages. The Effects of Owning a Pet There seems to be more of us trying to Essay assignment, improve our overall health and well-being.

Discovering new ways to . improve our lives, weather it is emotionally, physically or mentally. All of which are important to living a healthy life. Credit? In this essay , I will discuss a few of the many benefits of owning a pet . Film? Showing you all the benefits of your furry companion, you have waiting for you at home. I will begin with how owning a cat or dog has been shown in numerous ways. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , Better , Cat 912 Words | 3 Pages. | 2012 | | Macquarie University Tugba SENTURK42980542 | [You decide ESSAY : `should pets be cloned? `] | Tutor` Name: . Prof. Helena NEVALAINEN Tutorial Name: CBMS880- Medical and Molecular Biotechnology | Animal cloning is credit, getting popular by scientists day by yakuza day after the success of the help 4 you chat sheep Dolly which was the first animal clone in the world. Essay Yakuza Film? Dolly was created effectively by Roslin Instute scientist in Edinburgh (TechNyou) and she was euthanized when she was six year old due to. Cloned animals , Cloning , Dolly 1477 Words | 4 Pages.

Food! Oh my god I love food, and you can kind of tell. There so many different kinds. Help Writing For College Best Way? I enjoy the great satisfaction when I’m full. Yakuza? The only thing I don’t . really like about food is seeing it in people’s mouths or hearing them chewing on their food. This is probably one of the things that irks me the most. If you want to make me leave a room, I have just clued you into a very simple way it can be done. Once I was at Statistics homework good the theaters with my sister and assignment two brothers going to see the writing a essay best way movie Battle of Los. Eating , Mastication 604 Words | 2 Pages.

people want a pet to accompany with them outside their studying and working time. Therefore the number of people who have a dog is Essay yakuza, increased, . and the needs of Poetry analytical essay dog are raised significantly. Assignment? The economy about pets is paid attention by people. Poetry Essay? Not only concerned about what they eat, but also about where they live and what kinds of cloth they wear. Assignment Film? It becomes a potential marketing in our daily life. There are different kinds of state pet kennels, and open variety projects such as pet grooming, pet washing and. Balance sheet , Cost of assignment yakuza film goods sold , Dog 1118 Words | 5 Pages. Write an essay write Essay Comparing or Contrasting Two Popular Pets. YERSIN UNIVERSITY Department of Foreign Languages Name: Tang Thi Quyen Class: English K7 ESSAY WRITING CAUSE – EFFECT ANALYSIS . Yakuza? ESSAY Topic: Write an essay comparing or contrasting a typical Vietnamese family today and a typical Vietnamese family 50 years ago.

OUTLINE I. Introduction Thesis statement: I strongly believe that I had better find helps from help other people rather than alone, and consider them carefully before deciding anything by 2 reasons. II. Essay Assignment Film? Body 1. Cognition , Decision making , Decision theory 710 Words | 3 Pages. Lisa Martin English 1101 Essay #4 Cats make the perfect pet I have heard the old saying that dogs are man’s best . friend. Help Writing A Essay Best? I don’t know much about dogs, but I do know a lot about cats. Yakuza Film? I have had a cat as a pet for at least 30 years. They are wonderful and Statistics good I know I will always have one in Essay assignment yakuza, my life. I think cats make the Keene tuition 2013 perfect pet because they are self sufficient, intelligent, and good companions.

The first reason I think that cats make the Essay assignment yakuza film perfect pet is because they are self. Cat , Cat communication , Cat intelligence 978 Words | 3 Pages. The Problem with Exotic Pets in America. The Problem with Exotic Pets in America Gilles C. Haun Sullivan University Abstract Many Americans love to have exotic pets , . Scholarships Tuition? not thinking of the consequences of ownership. Essay Assignment? Right now there is a widespread problem in America: In places such as Florida, numerous types of exotic pets are becoming an invasive species as a result of Low cost writers being released back into the wild. The Problem with Exotic Pets in America. Exotic pets have always been a concern to Essay film, a variety of people: health care officials who treat. Everglades , Exotic pet , Florida 1462 Words | 4 Pages. not be kept as pets . Write Credit Report Ireland? More and more people every day would rather have an exotic pet than a domestic animal.

I. INTRODUCTION . A. Attention getter 1. Show pictures of wild animals. 2. How many of you have ever said you wanted a pet monkey when you were at the zoo last time? Or imagined how neat it would be to Essay film, have a tiger sleep at the foot of your bed instead of just a dog? That all sounds wonderful at first but how many people do you know that have ever had an exotic pet and not regretted. Conservation biology , Dog , Exotic pet 877 Words | 4 Pages. Pet overpopulation is an ongoing crisis and is a serious issue in every community. Each year thousands of credit report animals must be euthanized and put to . Essay Yakuza? sleep because decent homes are not found for them. Abandoned dogs and cats are free to roam the streets where they must struggle to survive on their own. The number is approximately; 8 million unwanted animals taken into shelters all across the country. Sadly, more than half of them eventually become euthanized. Shelter euthanasia is the help online chat number one cause.

AB 1634 , Animal euthanasia , Animal welfare 863 Words | 3 Pages. BENEFITS OF HAVING PETS 1. Essay Assignment Film? Decreases stress In a 2002 study at State University of homework services New York at Buffalo, researchers found that when . conducting a stressful task, people experienced less stress when their pets were with them than when a spouse, family member or close friend was nearby. Assignment? Promises Treatment Centers, which specializes in addiction, not only recommends its patients consider getting a pet , but even allows pets in Keene state college scholarships tuition 2013, its rehabilitation facilities, according to Dr. David Sack, CEO of Essay film Promises. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , Blood sugar , Cortisol 1069 Words | 3 Pages. Exotic Pets COM/156 August 5, 2012 Exotic Pets Some families face the difficult decision of whether or not bringing home . a pet would be a wise choice, and the impact it will make on Statistics homework all the members of the family. Their lives will be changed in many ways for Essay assignment both the pet and the owner, so making the Help writing a essay best way right choice of the type of assignment film pet is crucial for services a positive experience. The most popular selection among families is Essay assignment film, a dog. Low Cost Business Writers? The Amercian Pet Product Association (APPA) is a leading not-for-profit. Dog , Exotic pet , Ferret 1480 Words | 4 Pages. Pet Therapy 1 Does Pet Therapy Improve the Essay film Health of Help writing a essay for college best Those Who Use it?

English Composition Pet Therapy 2 . This paper reviews the possible beneficial effects pet therapy can have on yakuza individuals in both a hospital setting, as well as the report ireland every growing technique of home health care. Pet Therapy is a fairly new and changing technique in the health care field. Essay Yakuza Film? The hope of pet therapy is that during visits to the hospital it will help divert parent and children’s attention during. Dog , Health care , Healthcare 1425 Words | 5 Pages. Imagine that you are a soft and adorable guinea pig that was born in a pet store from Write your captured parents.

There, shoppers are banging on Essay the . cage window, trying to wake you up and see you running on your hamster wheel, and are screaming “Look! Cute piggy!” When you are purchased, you are transported to a tight, compact cage, believing that you will finally have some peace and quiet, but instead, every day you must endure even more despicable kindergartners. Now, when you were busy imagining that. Caviidae , Dog , Guinea pig 917 Words | 3 Pages. Exotic Pets In today’s society, domestic pets are very popular.

As of 2006, more than 69 million households (63 percent) own at . Poetry Analytical Essay Write? least one pet (“How Many Pets ”, par. 1). And as the number of domestic pets increases, so does the number of exotic pets . But what exactly are exotic pets and what dangers do they present? Should they be banned because of these dangers? And if so, are all exotic pets dangerous, and yakuza should they all be banned? Exotic pets are very difficult to define. An exotic pet is a. Disease , Dog , Exotic pet 1809 Words | 5 Pages. 1) Concept statement A) Description of idea (Features): OUR business idea is to open a pet shop. The purpose of the Write credit Pet Shop . is to define the minimum standards of accommodation, management and care which are appropriate to the welfare, physical and behavioral needs of pet animals held for sale.

Our pet shops generally sell not only a wide range of animals, pet accessories, but also provide foods and treats as well as health and grooming products. Our shop location is obviously important. Animal , Pet , Pet store 1004 Words | 5 Pages. Pet Therapy What is Pet Therapy? Pet Therapy is an area that has received increased attention in . therapeutic recreation.

In recent years, the Essay assignment yakuza film experts have been relying on pet therapy as a valuable aid in reaching out to Homework help, the elderly, the infirm, and to Essay assignment, ill or abused children through-out the country.” Pet Therapy is the commonly used term for animal-assisted therapy (AAT), animal-assisted activities (AAA) and pet visitation.” It is also recognized at hospitals around the country as. Dog , Health care , Medicine 1421 Words | 5 Pages. Manufacturing of PET preforms KSIDC PROJECT PROFILE ON MANUFACTURING OF PET PREFORMS Prepared by: Kerala State . Industrial Development Corporation Ltd. September 2012 Manufacturing of scholarships PET preforms KSIDC PROJECT PROFILE FOR MANUFACTURING OF PET PREFORMS INTRODUCTION The basic technical and Essay financial parameters of a project on the manufacture PET preforms by help chat injection moulding PET bottle grade resin are described in this profile. This is the Essay assignment first stage in business, the two stage PET bottle manufacturing.

Blow molding , Bottle , Bottled water 784 Words | 4 Pages. Stacey Patitz Pets and Humans: A Sociological Look Rasmussen College Author’s Note; This research paper is being submitted for Beth . Essay Assignment? Stewart’s G142/SYG1000 Section 10 Introduction to Sociology coarse on 2-26-12. Write Credit Report Ireland? Within many cultures throughout the world having pets is a normalcy. From a sociological view, is assignment, it symbolic of plan a love for the animal itself or the need to be needed, or to have something to care for, as with any object a person might own? Some people are more prone to these needs.

Chimpanzee , Fundamental human needs , Human 1786 Words | 5 Pages. The Influence of Pet Ownership in Loneliness The idea of owning pets becomes widely spread nowadays as pets are . promoted as being beneficial to Essay assignment film, health and plan writers companionship. The article “The Impact of Pets on Human Health and Psychological Well-Being: Fact, Fiction, or Hyopothesis?” by assignment Harold Herzog considers evidence of whether pets contribute to Write credit ireland, owners’ psychological and physical health. While mentioning “ pet effect”, the author discusses the advantages of assignment owning pets as providing owners a sense. Health , Health care , Human 1423 Words | 4 Pages.

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay. The Writing Lab – D204d http://bellevuecollege.edu/asc/writing 425-564-2200 How to Write an Argumentative Essay An argumentative . essay uses reasoning and Essay yakuza evidence—not emotion—to take a definitive stand on a controversial or debatable issue. The essay explores two sides of a topic and Help writing a essay proves why one side or position is the best. Essay Yakuza Film? The First Steps Choose a specific issue to Help writing for college best, discuss. Essay Film? Some debatable issues cover a wide range of topics. For example, “legalizing drugs” is credit ireland, too broad a subject because. Cat , Dog , Neutering 1602 Words | 5 Pages. thoughts on obtaining an film animal from an Poetry analytical write animal shelter were, what factors do they look at when choosing a pet , and Essay assignment yakuza film what are the benefits and . Help A Essay Way? draw backs of adopting an animal from a shelter? Another research question was how the Essay yakuza condition of the animal shelter affects people’s decision to analytical write, adopt. We wanted to know if the condition of the shelter deters or helps a person’s decision to adopt a pet from them because if it does then it is something that the shelter can work on improving.

While these all. Adoption , Animal shelter , Dog 2698 Words | 7 Pages. probably noticed, essay writing assignments can pop up in assignment film, any class. An essay is a literary composition that expresses a . A Essay Best Way? certain idea, claim, or concept and backs it up with supporting statements. It will follow a logical pattern, to include an introductory paragraph (make the claim), a body (support), and a conclusion (summary of Essay assignment statements and support).

English and literature teachers use them on a regular basis, but essays are required in Help a essay way, many other types of classes. Essay exams are also a. Abstraction , Essay , Fiction 876 Words | 3 Pages. Name: Period: Due date: Persuasive writing/ Pet Peeve essay —9A Assignment: Write a pet . peeve essay related to frustrating habits and activities that particularly annoy you. Sample format- 1. Describe the annoyance in a little story. 2. Identify things you have done to remedy it. Assignment Yakuza? 3. College Scholarships 2013? Indicate whether or not the remedies have worked. Essay Assignment Film? 4. Make some closing remarks—perhaps a final solution to the problem. Statistics Homework Services Good? Subject: Your choice Purpose: To express displeasure about a particular annoyance or inconvenience. Casserole , Chicken , Essay 2036 Words | 6 Pages. disquisition, monograph; More 2. Essay Film? formal an attempt or effort. a misjudged essay synonyms: attempt, effort, endeavor, try, venture, . trial, experiment, undertaking his first essay in telecommunications a trial design of a postage stamp yet to be accepted. 4 You Online? verbformal verb: essay ; 3rd person present: essays ; past tense: essayed; past participle: essayed; gerund or present participle: essaying e?sa/ 1. attempt or try. essay a smile Origin late 15th century (as a verb in the sense ‘test the.

Definition , Essay , Gerund 608 Words | 4 Pages. Positron Emission Tomography (Pet Scan) refers you for a PET scan, you will be introduced to Essay assignment yakuza, a fairly new medical imaging technique. Since this emerging modality is so new, a lot of . the general public is not aware of what a PET scan exactly is. This essay will help explain the concept of this modality and Homework the characteristics of Essay assignment yakuza it that allow doctors to diagnose and manage the proper care for some of today's most devastating medical conditions known to man. Positron emission tomography, also called PET imaging or a PET scan, is a diagnostic. Alzheimer's disease , Medical imaging , Neuroimaging 1578 Words | 4 Pages.

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? Essay Instructions You will write 4 essays (double spaced, 12-point Times New Roman font). Yakuza Film? The first essay must . be 1,000–1,200 words, and the following essays must be 750–1,000 words each. Poetry Analytical Essay? Essay one corresponds to the essay one prompt as listed below. Essay two corresponds with the essay two prompt, etc. Essay Assignment Yakuza? through all four essays . Each essay is a separate assignment. In completing each essay , research must be conducted through 2–4 peer-reviewed, scholarly sources in addition to the Bible and credit the. Bible , Religious text 990 Words | 3 Pages. Bankers Adda How to write Essay in Essay assignment film, SBI PO Exam? Dear readers, as you know that SBI PO 2014 Paper will also contain a Descriptive Test of . Help 4 You Online? 50 marks (1 hour duration), which will consist of English Language Comprehension, Short Precis, Letter Writing Essay ). So, here we are presenting you How to write Essay ? and few points to remember while writing an Essay yakuza film essay in Write ireland, the exam, which will be important for upcoming SBI PO exam.

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The Film Easy Rider – Sample Essay. Easy Rider (1969) is the late 60s road movie tale of a search for liberty in a corrupt and conformist America, in the middle of violence, fear and bigotry. Essay Yakuza Film. It was released in essay write the year of the Essay assignment film, Woodstock show, and created in help online chat a year of two disastrous assassinations, the Vietnam War accrual and election of Nixon; the tone of this film is remarkably casual and unwelcoming, reflecting the failure of the Essay assignment yakuza film, idealistic 1960s (Basinger, 1994, p.34). Easy Rider was a ritualistic experience and seen by young audience in the late 60s as a reflection of their lifelike hopes of redemptive and fears of the establishment. According to Basinger (1994, p.67), Easy Rider is Poetry analytical write, really minimal in terms of its creative value and plot, is both honored as a symbol of the prevalent and historical culture of the time, and the story of the modern but apocalyptic journey by two sanctimonious, drug-fuelled, anti-hero bikers eastward via the American Southwest. Their journey to Mardi Gras in New Orleans takes them via boundless, intact landscapes, numerous cities, a hippie community, and a graveyard with hookers, but also via regions where locals are highly prejudiced and odious of their long-haired liberty and assignment, use of Poetry analytical write drugs. The title of the film refers to their rootlessness and trip to assignment, make money easily.

Furthermore, it jargons for a pimp who earns his living out of the earnings of a prostitute. Nevertheless, The Loners was the original title of the film. Wyatt and Billy, names of the main characters propose the two notable Western criminals known as Billy the Kid and Wyatt Earp. Instead of making a trip westward on horses just like the frontiersmen, the two contemporary cowboys travel eastward from Los Angeles- the culmination of the ancient border- on an ornamented Harley-Davidson choppers on a heroic trip into services good the anonymous for the American dream (Cook, 2000, p.60). Importance of the Film. Even though the 1970s started with Hollywood facing a financial and artistic despair, the decade became a creative high point in the US film industry.

Restrictions on adult content and Essay assignment film, sexuality, violence, and language loosened up, and these features became highly extensive. Cook (2000, p.77) asserts that the hippie movement, the civil rights movement, evolving gender roles, free love, drug use, and the development of rock and Keene state college tuition 2013, roll certainly had an effect. Furthermore, Hollywood was transformed and assignment film, reborn with the previous failure of the college, studio system, and the jobs of assignment yakuza film numerous new and experimental film-makers in the course of a Hollywood New Wave. The counter-culture of the time had prejudiced Hollywood to homework, be abler, to undertake more risks and to Essay assignment, experiment with alternate, young film makers, as old Hollywood specialists and traditional moguls deceased and a new generation of film makers emerged. A number of the movie-makers and audiences of the 1960s had viewed a sight of new probabilities, new story-telling methods and more expressive artistic choices, by the influences of various European makers, and by watching these astonishment hits in the past decade (Corrigan et al., 2011, p.56). Directors and young viewers, who declined to compromise with middling film offerings, supported widening the Low cost, borders and conservative principles of film even more in modern days. The 1970s decade was famous for films with memorable and creative subject matter that reflected the assignment yakuza film, questioning spirit and certainty of the times even though the 50s and 60s were popular for Statistics services, wide-screen epics on CinemaScopic silver screens (Corrigan et al., 2011, p.88). Motion picture art appeared to yakuza, curl at the same period that the conquest in the Vietnam War, Fall of President Nixon, augmenting drug use, the Keene state scholarships, Kent State Massacre, an increasing energy crisis, the Watergate Scandal, and the Munich Olympics shoot-out illustrated marvelous disillusion, an yakuza, interrogative politicized spirit among the public and absence of faith in institutions- a remark upon the insanity of war and the dark side of the American Dream. The tumultuous times, lack of US reliability, hints of intrigue paranoia like in Alan J. Services. Pakula’s post-Watergate film The Parallax View (1974) with Warren Beatty as a muckraking detective of the death of film a senator, and state scholarships tuition, the discontent toward the Essay assignment yakuza, government (Thomson, 2004, p.66).

The Strawberry Statement (1970) originated from James S. Kunen’s journal and popular account of the plan writers, 1968 student strike at Essay yakuza, Columbia and subjugated for its countercultural message by MGM, reverberated support of student campus protests. Even Jaws (1975) of Spielberg could be understood as an allegory for the Watergate conspiracy. Social activism of 1960s usually turned into ireland an inner narcissism, and Essay assignment yakuza, yet this indeterminate era led to emergence of some of the finest, boldest, and homework good, most commercially-successful films ever made like the prompt Oscar-winning hit The Godfather (1972) by an almost untested director called William Friedkin’s horror classic The Exorcist (1973). According to Thomson (2004, p.88), the 1970s also laid equally unforgettable cult films, as varied Two-Lane Blacktop (1971) and the idiosyncratic Willy Wonka The Chocolate Factory (1971) of Monte Hellman. The raw, persistent and inflexible The Panic in Needle Park (1971) of Jerry Schatzberg and 20 th Century Fox unambiguously depicted heroin drug use among addicts in New York City, with Al Pacino in his first main acting part as a drug pusher and section of assignment film heroin-doomed couple. First American film Taking Off (1971) by Czechoslovakian film-maker Milos Forman ridiculed insightfully the adult bourgeois and its supposed generation gap from the good, young generation (Thomson, 2004, p.88). There were also periods when anticipated hits turned to calamities; nevertheless, those kinds of musical imaginary remake Lost Horizon (1973). Rise to the American Independent Film Movement of the 1970s and How That Independent Movement Reflected the Culture of 1970s America.

Unlike currently, during the 1970s, the American film industry saw a demand for films that talked about the reformist values of the age group that that had rose in the late 60s. The downfall of the Hollywood studio system in the 1960s was not only the outcome of Essay assignment yakuza film a recession and overproduction but also due to the evolving social atmosphere in the US that had ascended from cultural concerns. Participation of US in the Vietnam War, the threat of nuclear destruction, famous music, political dishonesty, race and gender strains, and drugs all facilitated the fast evolving national identity. Statistics Services Good. Consequently, the non-conformist, young counterculture that had arisen out Essay yakuza film of the 60s, banned conservatism in almost all features of American tradition, including prevalent cinema (Biskind, 1999, p.388). The moral stories observed in films of traditional Hollywood no longer talked to the new generation of free-spirited youths. Radical films became highly precise symbols of the latest cultural standards of American teenagers, and those types of films showed to be fruitful amongst them and in theaters. With American traditional anxieties spreading into the 70s, a demand started to develop for additional films, which confronted social institutional standards, which could not be attained by rigid Hollywood studio films, and Poetry essay write, hence, the age of alternate/independent cinema in famous culture was initiated (Biskind, 1999, p.423). Teenage filmmakers such as Martin Scorsese, who had arisen from the counterculture of the 1960s, and were under the influence of conforming European cinema movements and auteurs who confronted the Hollywood domination of film and narrative, began to be modified by Hollywood studios to Essay yakuza film, make cinemas that addressed the profound American counterculture viewers (Biskind, 1999, p.427). Nonetheless, the Statistics homework, new function of nearly all Hollywood studios in postclassical prevalent cinema was restricted to supply and/or funding, as studios became the brokers between the developers and the audience, leaving most creative power to the filmmakers themselves (Hill British Film Institute, 1996, p.40).

Besides, since quite a number of these films can be produced with comparatively minor budgets, the threat feature became very squat for investors. Essay Film. This gave room for a window of chance for experimentation and examination in typical film, which led to an age of cognizant shooting, which has hitherto to ireland, be viewed again in prevalent cinema. “Martin Scorsese, who was one of the Essay film, indie tycoon camp of eccentric filmmakers of Roger Corman in the course of the report, 70s created films that were concerned with concepts of working class Americans, the American household lively, city culture, faith, and Essay assignment film, maleness as viewed in 4 you online chat film like Taxi Driver (1976)” (Lev, 2007, p19). Essay Yakuza Film. What was symbolic in regard to the cinemas of early career of Scorsese was that conventional Hollywood treaties of a perfect film had sat back to grittiness, wobbly handheld cameras, untargeted shots, attractive plots, and multi-dimensional actors. Films in the course of Write credit ireland this age were not more concerned with conservative aesthetics or cinematic show but highly with content. The alternate cinemas, which contained popular cinema in the first semi the assignment, 1970s, targeted at expanding the borders of conservative genre prospects. Write Credit. Early cinemas of assignment film Scorsese were not solely gangster or mystery films in the conservative Hollywood sense of genre grouping, but were the outcome of tuition numerous and unclassified genres fused together. The cinemas of this age, cared little about conforming to particular audience or genre expectations, but as an alternative, were grounded in authentic and unromantic representations that illustrated more precisely the discrepancies of daily life and individuals (Lev, 2007, p22). This led to a highly established cinema that confronted matters of the assignment film, time period honestly, as opposed to the incredible film of traditional Hollywood. Characters such as Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver of tuition Scorsese became cultural icons that demonstrated the American social atmosphere in the course the 70s (Hill British Film Institute, 1996, p. 44). Mental unsteadiness of Travis in Taxi Driver is insightful of the bipolar-ness of New York City during that era.

The city, an emblem of American culture is Essay assignment film, grimy with dishonesty, consumed by evils and sin that Travis expects to remedy via acts of vigilantism. According to Keene state college scholarships 2013, McDonagh (2004, p.67), “all the faunae including whores, skunk cats, buggers, queens, pixies, dopers, junkies, gruesome, venal, among others come out during the night. One day, an actual rain will come and shower all this fraud off the roads.” Travis does not choose sides between institutions and the individuals; to Travis, it is Essay yakuza film, not only the organizations that are immoral but the entire society, including the plan, individuals; everybody and everything that is a produce of the yakuza, social concept (McDonagh 2004, p.87). The search for blockbuster. The supposed rebirth of Hollywood was created upon perfecting some of the tuition, cultural film genres of fruitful past of Hollywood with larger block-buster scopes. Oftentimes, studios would finance heavily in a few bankrolled cinemas alone with an expectation that one or two would thrive lucratively (Basinger, 1994, p.188). The once-powerful MGM Studios sold off quite a number of its properties in the 1970s, abandoned the cinema making commerce, and diversified into other sections especially casinos and hotels.

According to Basinger (1994, p.199), a lot of attention was paid to box-office receipts and the manufacturing of action-and-teenage-oriented epic cinemas with stunning special impacts. However, it was becoming progressively harder to assignment film, foretell what will sell or become a success. Economic crisis of Statistics Hollywood in in the Essay yakuza, 50s and 60s, particularly in the course of war against the trap of television, were eased to some extent with the presence of summer epic films or event movies sold to mass viewers in the 70s, particularly after the Keene state tuition 2013, overwhelming success of two persuasive films: Jaws (1975) by assignment yakuza Steven and Star Wars (1977) by George (Cook, 2000, p.198). The budget for Jaws became the uppermost grossing movie in history until Star Wars even though Jaws grew from $4 million to $9 million in the course of production. Credit. Both Star Wars and Jaws were the earliest cinemas to get over $100 million in payments. In 1971, the normal price of a film ticket was $1.65 and approximately $2.5 in first-run theatres by Essay film 1978 (Cook, 2000, p.200).

Second-run movie theatres may possibly charge less and usually reduced their admission fee to $1.00. By 1978, the average film budget was approximately 5 million, augmenting vividly to analytical, $11 million by 1980 because of inflation and augmenting prices. Thus, production of Hollywood movies reduced quickly in the late 1970s. For instance, down to 354 produced in 1978 in contrast the Essay assignment yakuza film, total of 560 produced previous year. New markets for Hollywood’s products. The presence of Keene college scholarships auxiliary markets for Essay, the products of Hollywood emerged in the course of this decade:

Cable TV- Home Box Office (HBO) the first pay/premium TV channel- was established in 1972. HBO illustrated in 1975 the prominence of its programming became the Homework chat, first in TV industry to apply satellites for assignment, common broadcast of programming with its Thrilla in Manila, boxing match between Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali. The industry decided to shift main film openings from mid-week to Fridays in 1973 so as to 2013, maximize profits from weekend viewers. Essay Assignment Film. Pay cable TV was capable of permitting blasphemy and gender beyond what would be provide on commercial network TV, first comedy special of disgraceful comedian George Carlin was broadcasted on HBO as On Location: George Carlin at USC (1977) with warning disclaimers regarding the Poetry analytical, use of powerful language. Assignment Yakuza. It was the first on numerous HBO comedy performance broadcasts (Cook, 2000, p.222). Statistics Homework. Multi-plex theaters: the propagation of multi-screen cable theaters in suburban regions, substituting big film palaces, implied that more films could be illustrated to minor viewers, the largest Cineplex of the world- with 18 theaters- established in Toronto in 1979. Promotional/celebrity magazines- People Magazine , first published as weekly magazine in Essay film March of 1974- with Mia Farrow on its first cover- after Life Magazine obsolete its weekly publications in Keene state scholarships 1972, took over the function of personality watching and assignment yakuza film, promotion of movie for the industry. Hollywood understood that it could upsurge its profits by publicizing its new productions on TV shown first to be fruitful with the state tuition, mass television marketing campaign- of $700,000- for assignment yakuza, Jaws (1975)- the movie was also reserved into homework good nearly 500 theatres for its starting weekend- a record.

Gone with the Wind (1939)- first broadcasted on network television in 1976 and drew an enormous viewer over two nights- regarding 34 million individuals in Essay yakuza film the biggest ever film viewers to watch a feature movie on the TV. As prices dropped; VHS video players, laser disc players, and the production of movies on videocassette tapes and discs multiplied, developing a new industry and adding considerable revenue and profits for 4 you online, the film studios. One film-associated industry, which side-benefited from the growth of the VCR was the yakuza film, pornography industry, no longer would adult-film audiences have to visit dingy X-rated movie theaters to see porn movies, and this led to sky-rocketing proceeds from the business plan, rental and sales of X-rated VCR videotapes (Corrigan et al., 2011, p.100). Another side outcome was that independent film-makers and manufacturers could now market their movies more efficiently by Essay yakuza supplying tapes and discs watching. However, all of these variations had a down-side as well; theater presence would start to radically decline in the next decade because of the invasion of home video. In the film industry, we are at interesting time. Going on board on approximately 40 years since the onset of the Help a essay way, blockbuster syndrome, viewers are still blitzed with infinite superhero, horror, action/adventure, buddy, thriller, and idealistic comedy movies that have flooded films theaters across the country, and now the globe (Corrigan et al., 2011, p.105). This has led to films, which are always stale, missing in tale quality, and detached from society, and which state the degree to which Hollywood studios have subjugated blockbuster so as to turn proceeds as fast as possible.

However, the luckless thing is that quite a number of these movies are not turning on assignment their investments that reflect eventually the philosophy behind Hollywood blockbuster cinematography that proposes that seven out of every 10 films lose money, two out of 10 even break, and one will be a huge success. A film such as John Carter (2012) by Disney, marketed significantly a sci-fi enchanted that was anticipated to be an enormous Hollywood epic this spring, premiered to theatres to best, feeble welcome and Essay assignment film, has not even break even after running five weeks in Statistics homework services theatres. It is foretold that the movie will lose $200 million. This has led to a question on whether this is a reflection of the developing dissatisfaction of viewers with Hollywood blockbusters style movies. Essay Film. After all, viewers have been provided with the similar five or so movies annually for homework good, about four 40 years now.

Maybe the assignment film, solution will be taking the Help writing a essay for college, marketing dollars of the assignment film, seven out of 10 collapsed blockbuster movies released annually and finance them into the marketing crusades of Keene state scholarships 2013 independent movies, which have observed success in the film centenary circuit. Unluckily, the response is not modest, because currently, not more than 1% of independent movies, which are selected in movie festivities, get supply deals, and the ones that are acknowledged are not as a result of their excellent plots or characters although due to their marketability (Latham, 2012). Marginalized market for alternative movies is drying up as well even though it is in existence. Assignment. With the development of subdivision studios by main Hollywood corporations like Fox Searchlight or Sony Picture Classics that provide for the release of movies, which feed the Write ireland, segmented indie-alternative market, which has described a sovereign movie as a sovereign movie. Free from Hollywood studio effect is no longer in existence. These latest movies released by sectors of Hollywood corporations merely pose as sovereign movies whereas still sporting their bankable semi-eccentric and a-list plots. In the course of late 1980s and 1990s, a brilliant light of expectation was observed with the presence of sovereign suppliers (Latham, 2012).

Nevertheless, currently, the Essay yakuza, Hollywood corporations have swallowed up a number of those supplier firms as witnessed with Miramax, Good Machine, and writing a essay for college best, United Artists. In general, Easy Rider had significant impact in the film industry that is being filled in US even currently. It led to Essay yakuza, freedom that we are enjoying in field industries today, not only in US, but across the world. Easy Rider is a good background for modern and Homework online, future generations to use in fighting for freedom of Essay film industry. Hence, we should fight for services, film industry at all cost.

Basinger, J, 1994, American Cinema: One Hundred Years of Filmmaking , New York: Rizzoli, 12-254. Biskind, P, 1999, Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex ‘n’ Drugs ‘n’ Rock ‘n’ Roll Generation Saved Hollywood , New York, Bloomsbury Publishing, 77-438. Cook, A, 2000, Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970-1979 , New York: C. Scribner, 45-243. Corrigan, T., Patricia, W., and Meta, M, 2011, Critical Visions in Film Theory: Classic and Essay yakuza film, Contemporary Readings , Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 34-111. Hill, L and British Film Institute, 1996, Easy rider , New York, BFI Publishing, 12-77. Latham, C, 2012, A Little Bit of Help for college best way Hulk Helps Reality Go down, Chicago Tribune. Essay Assignment Yakuza. 13 July 2008.

Web. 13 May 2012. Lev, P, 2007, “1979: Movies and the End of an Homework help chat, Era.” American Cinema of the 1970s: Themes and Variations. Essay Assignment Yakuza. Ed. Lester D. Friedman , New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 9-187. McDonagh, M, 2004, “The Exploitation Generation Or: How Marginal Movies Came in from the Cold.” The Last Great American Picture Show: New Hollywood Cinema in the 1970s. Ed. Thomas Elsaesser, Alexander Horwath, and Noel King , Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 13-76. Peters, M, 2008, 2008, Action Films in the 1980s: How the Presidency of Ronald Reagan Influenced Hollywood Cinema , Suite101.com. 22 May 2008. Thomson, D, 2004, “The Decade When Movies Mattered,” The Last Great American Picture Show: New Hollywood Cinema in the 1970s.

Ed. Thomas Elsaesser, Alexander Horwath, and Noel King , Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 34-345. To Get 20% OFF Say. This website uses cookies. Sorry, this page isn't quite ready in mobile version yet.

Abortion Pro-Choice Persuasive Paper. Assignment Yakuza! By: July • Research Paper • 3,404 Words • March 26, 2010 • 1,684 Views. Low Cost Writers! Abortion Pro-Choice Persuasive Paper. Mrs. Lane Honors English 3. Mrs. Lane Honors English 3. Abortion Pro-Choice Persuasive Paper. In the last few decades, abortion has become a much-discussed subject. It has been a central point in many political affairs as in; selecting justices for the Supreme Court, it has also become an issue for assignment yakuza, candidates for state and local offices as well as for the U.S.

Presidency. Help Online! What exactly is abortion anyway? Depending on who you ask one will always get different answers, but the dictionary defines abortion as the termination of Essay assignment yakuza film, a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the business, embryo or fetus. The moral question has always been whether or not it should be a woman’s decision to Essay yakuza film get an abortion. Write Credit Report! The other side of assignment yakuza, that question is whether the government should have control over a woman’s body and forbid her to get an abortion. Pro-Choice, though it does take the side of legalizing abortion, it does not mean Pro-abortion. Pro-choice is the right in choosing whether to reproduce, adopt, or abort. I believe a woman should have the right to choose whether to Statistics keep the baby if she knows that she is willing to take up such a huge responsibility. The fundamental issue that Pro-choice focuses on is whether anyone-including the government, the church, and yakuza film pro-life protesters- can tell a woman what to Low cost plan writers do with their bodies. Pregnancy carries many obligations, and one will lose many privileges. One of those privileges is the right to pursue happiness.

A baby can sometimes disrupt a woman's pursuit of happiness. Having the option to perform an abortion can solve that obstacle. Most of the time the assignment yakuza, mother of the unwanted child is very young and inexperienced or too poor to take care of the Keene, child. The child is usually malnourished, has no medical care, and gets very little attention or love. When talking about abortion, there are many different ethical questions involved. Ethics is what one uses to distinguish what is right from wrong, good from bad, etc. Since people come from different backgrounds, they have a different code of ethics, therefore answering the question of right and wrong can not be easily answered, and who knows if it can ever be answered? There is assignment, no correct ethical or moral code for one specific time period, or group of people, so one must decide what they believe on the issue of business writers, abortion, by examining there own code of ethics. Without a woman's right to do what she chooses with her body, her freedom and liberty are taken away.

If for Essay yakuza, personal reasons, a woman wants an Poetry analytical essay write, abortion, as is, currently, her constitutional right, she has the Essay assignment, freedom to do so. A child needs to be loved and wanted. A baby, whose mother resents his birth, will not receive the Homework 4 you online chat, proper care and nurturing he deserves. Assignment Film! Perhaps, he would be better off not to have been born. For these reasons, I support the Pro-Choice movement. A fetus is tissue growing inside the body of a woman. Since a fetus has no right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, it has no right to be inside the body of another human being that does not want it. However, the 4 you chat, fetus needs to be inside a woman's body to exist.

To give the fetus the right to exist in assignment a woman’s body would make the woman a slave. Slavery is not a right. It is not morally or legally a right. In fact slavery is Homework, a horrible act that was outlawed due to the Civil War. Abortion is a moral right--which should be left to the sole discretion of the woman involved; morally, nothing other than her wish in the matter is to be considered. Pro-choice is the yakuza, sole belief in the right to chose an alternative, whether is be adoption or abortion. It is not the belief in murder, since abortion does not take the Low cost business, life of a human being. Asking a woman to Essay give up her life for something that is not even a human being, is asking her to make herself a slave. Keene State Tuition! Abortion is an issue of women, and so it should be the woman's right to choose. She has the free will to consider others views and morals such but it is her ultimate decision.

In 1973 the American Supreme Court ruled that Americans’ right to privacy included: “the right of assignment yakuza, a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference” (“abortion”). The Constitution says we have a right to Poetry analytical essay write privacy; so taking away a woman’s chance to make decisions about her own body violates that right. Essay Film! The closure of abortion clinics will be done with the purpose to reduce the number of abortions. This raises the question whether this. An abortion is the procedure taken to end a pregnancy either medically or surgically. Like many topics of Write report, great controversy, abortion has its positive. In the Essay yakuza, argument of abortion , there are many sides to be seen. There's the pro -life side, which is the side that is against abortion . The. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy.

Since 1973 abortion has been an important controversial issue within the United States. 1973 marks the year that. Abortion - Pro Life and Pro Choice. There are many controversies about abortion . Many people in the world feel differently about this topic. Some are pro -life, the others are pro -chioce. Pro life. Pros Cons Differentiated Instruction. Persuasive Paper Against Portfolio Diversification.

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Greek Sentence Structure: Loose and Periodic Style. I offer this essay in draft (or “beta”) form with the hope that it will provoke discussion. Corrections and criticisms are welcome. Just e-mail me by clicking here. Graphic images of the Essay film Greek texts discussed are provided. When transliterating Greek in the body of the Help best essay, I use a simple, easy-to-read system whose only real disadvantage is Essay, that epsilon and eta, and omicron and Poetry analytical essay write, omega are not distinguished. With the Greek text at hand, this should cause no problem. Technical Terms: What Are They For? veni, vidi, vici . These words, which Suetonius tells us were carried on a banner in Essay film, a triumphal procession of Julius Caesar ( Divus Iulius 37), can serve as a starting-point for an analysis of rhetorical figures and sentence-construction. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Nothing could be simpler or more direct; nothing could be easier to Low cost writers translate.

I was surprised, then, on walking into a classroom once, all prepared to analyze a complex piece of Isokratean rhetoric, to find this saying on the blackboard with a full rhetorical analysis appended. It turns out that we have before us examples of: alliteration ( v eni, v idi, v ici ), homoioteleuton ( ven i , vid i , vic i ), asyndeton ( veni et vidi et vici ?), trikolon (how about veni, vici ?), isokolon (try adding a syllable: veni, vidi, victi sunt ), composition in short kommata instead of longer kola (compare: ad hostes adveni et, postquam illorum copias vidi, cunctos facile vici ), spondaic rhythm, paromoiosis (similar structure of kola or kommata), parechesis (similarity of sounds, especially between vidi and vici ), and perhaps paronomasia (a play on Essay yakuza film, words involving, again, vidi and vici ), to say nothing of the overall brevity achieved by the ellipsis of words easily supplied from the (very crowded) context. To this list of eleven rhetorical devices others could doubtless be added. This analysis is a essay best way, a joke, of course. It pokes fun at pedantry. But it is also perfectly valid and makes a serious point. The words on Caesar’s placard are rhetorically brilliant and Essay assignment, instantly clear, but we can fully understand their brilliance only by taking them apart, seeing how they are composed, and–most important–comparing other, inferior ways of saying the same thing. Analytical. The goal is not an arid list of tropes with arrows pointing to the text but a better feeling for yakuza how the words before us work, for Help best way what makes them forceful and effective.

How big an armory of rhetorical terms does a student of Greek prose need? Smyth’s Greek Grammar has a convenient list of forty, with examples; a similar list of forty five, with examples from Greek, Latin and English literature, is available at the Web site of the Classics Department of the University of Essay yakuza film Kentucky; a compendious, clear, sensible, and often amusing handbook is Richard A. Lanham‘s A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms . Very few people can define as many as forty terms off the top of their head, nor need one do so, much less acquire the 200 or so which students had to memorize in Shakespeare’s time. Rhetorical descriptions, after all, are only guides to help us understand and experience a text; students often learn more by Low cost business plan making their own observations without resorting to technical vocabulary. Then, if there is Essay yakuza film, a handy label for what they have observed, they can learn it and use it. No student who describes accurately and insightfully how an author’s words work should worry about, or be penalized for, not knowing a technical term. In fact, a fixation on rhetorical flourishes will hinder, not help, our understanding of style. Consider again Caesar’s placard. One advantage of starting with veni, vidi, vici is that while cataloging the trees one can always see the forest: the Keene state scholarships tuition 2013 structure of this sentence is clear and one can concentrate on Essay yakuza, details. Write. When analyzing complex sentences, however, it is assignment, easy to forget that the goal of arranging words “rhetorically” is to shape a sentence which develops clearly as it is heard or read, not to distract the Poetry essay audience with pointless ornamentation. To learn about an Essay film, author’s style is to learn how that author organizes his or her thoughts.

Analysis and labeling and note-taking is useless if it merely dissects an author’s words. The goal is to Poetry analytical write go back and read those words, in order, as they were intended to be read, letting the many “signposts” along the way guide us by shaping our expectations of Essay assignment film what is to come. This point cannot be emphasized enough. Services Good. Students struggling to make sense of an Essay yakuza, author’s words may think of Statistics services good stylistic analysis as something more advanced than mere translation, more arcane and mysterious, with its own recondite vocabulary. Film. Ironically, they get this impression from the emphasis which most of us place on the most obvious marks of Statistics homework services good style–rhetorical figures such as chiasmus, alliteration, homoioteleuton–as the key to everything: these strike our ears and eyes as we read, so naturally we begin our analysis by scanning the text, collecting as many tropes as we can, and Essay assignment yakuza, labeling them like specimens found on a nature hike. We pay great attention to business writers classification, which can become quite complex: is that an example of synecdoche or of metonymy? Are we dealing with paronomasia or only parechesis? I plead guilty to having encouraged on occasion such “surface scans” of classical texts. The problem with them is that they don’t necessarily lead students to understand how Gorgias or Demosthenes or Isokrates has structured and expressed his thoughts, the “character” or “cast of thought” each presents to us.

To grasp this we must understand how an author has organized each sentence, how he has set up signposts to guide us as his thought unfolds. Essay Assignment Yakuza. This means, first, seeing how each new phrase or clause relates to what has gone before and understanding how “rhetorical devices”, in a well-turned sentence, mark the progression and structure of the thought. The real rhetoric is in the unfolding of the ideas in the order in which the author wants us to hear or read them; rhetorical tropes are markers along the way. To learn about an author’s style is to learn to read that author’s words, in order, as they were written–not to services disarrange the Essay yakuza film words but to hear what the ancient audience heard. In his admirable essay on the style of Cicero W. Poetry Analytical Essay Write. Ralph Johnson puts it succinctly: ” . . Essay Yakuza Film. . Good style, whether exuberant or restrained, is good thinking (and good feeling).

It is for this reason that what we want to pay most attention to in style is the structuring of ireland sentences, how they succeed, and how they fail.” [ Luxuriance and Economy: Cicero and assignment, the Alien Style , p. Good. 7] He quotes Virginia Woolf’s description of “the rhythm of a book that, by running in the head, winds one into a ball”, and Essay yakuza film, he rescues from Help writing a essay for college way obscurity a book by Edith Rickert, New Methods for the Study of Literature , which asserts the importance for style of the length of whole sentences and of their parts. [Chapter IV, “Thought Patterns”, has much that is interesting on assignment, the structure and writing best way, relationship of sentences as a guide to style. As Rickert remarks (p. 111), “The study of the Essay assignment yakuza film sentence is one of the most fundamental and certain means of eventually getting at the secret of style.” She offers a system for analyzing sentences which is Low cost writers, thought-provoking, even if one chooses not to Essay assignment yakuza film adopt it.] [General note: In this essay I use the analytical essay word “sentence” as a matter of convenience. There is no exactly corresponding Greek term or concept. Dianoia , “thought,” is closest, but a dianoia need not correspond to what a modern editor marks off with a period, colon, or question-mark. Indeed, editors sometimes disagree on whether to punctuate with a full stop rather than a comma. See now Dover, The Evolution of Greek Prose Style , chapter 2.] What is film, it, after all, which stays with you when you’ve been reading Isokrates or Demosthenes for hours? Not a collection of tropes but something more fundamental and harder to Help for college best express in a phrase.

Why did reading Isokrates for hours on Essay assignment yakuza film, end once make me physically ill? Why, after the excitement of the speech On the Crown , does an early speech of Demosthenes seem flat? Because a real stylist “gets in Help writing, among” you. The “rhythm” of the Essay assignment yakuza film writer’s thought is what does this. The Architecture of Greek Sentences: Loose and Periodic Style.

This essay, then, with profuse thanks to state college scholarships tuition 2013 Ralph Johnson, will focus on the structure or “architecture” of a Greek sentence. A formidable phrase, perhaps, but less so if one bears in mind two fundamental points: 1. Greek sentences can on occasion be very long, but the units of which they are composed are almost always short. Essay Yakuza Film. “The edifice, lofty though it may be, is built of bricks, not of huge blocks of Cyclopean masonry.” [J. D. Help Online. Denniston, Greek Prose Style , p. Yakuza. 61] 2. Greek is unusually rich in particles and conjunctions which serve as signposts. These helpful qualities of the language, however, carry a danger for students. One can often get sense out business plan writers, of the various separate parts of a complex sentence–enough sense to have a fair idea of what the entire thing means–without really understanding the Essay assignment film development of the whole. And the reason for this is often the very profusion of “marker-words” or “signposts” in Greek: because they are omnipresent, students tend to ignore them or at least to forget earlier signposts when later ones, in corresponsion with them, appear. One area, then, where one must be a pedant is in accounting for services good every single connective word in Essay assignment yakuza film, a sentence. One can then turn pedantry to profit by (re-)reading the author’s words and letting the sentence unfold as the original audience experienced it.

Before we turn to ireland the analysis of sample passages from Greek authors, let us consider the Essay film two main types of sentence structure which ancient critics recognized: the loose style (lexis eiromene) and the periodic style (lexis katestrammene). The first phrase means literally “speech strung together” (from eiro, “to string or thread together”, like beads in a necklace); the Homework help second, “speech turned or guided toward an assignment film, end”; the word “period” (periodos, “way around”) refers metaphorically to a racecourse, where the starting and finish lines were the Write report ireland same: contestants went out and around the turning-post, then retraced their path. The loose style is film, often called the “running style”, a term which can be confusing in view of the Help best race-course metaphor of the term “periodic”. [Dover points out the difficulty of interpreting the terms lexis katestrammene and Essay assignment, periodos ( The Evolution of Poetry analytical Greek Prose Style , chapter 2, Appendix: Period and Kolon). He thinks that the word periodos , rather than referring to a race-course, describes “a unit of utterance which begins from major pause and ‘returns’ to a state of rest by leading to a second pause” (p. 39).] These two styles represent two ways of Essay film developing and Poetry, structuring sentences.

In the loose style one statement is simply followed by another with no indication that another statement is coming. Essay Yakuza. The sentence ends with the final statement, without giving the reader or hearer any idea that it is about to end. It could just as easily have ended one clause (or several) earlier or later. Here is a banal example in English: “Bill went to the store and bought some milk and decided to get some cheese; he came home and saw that the cat had gotten out; he looked for it and Homework chat, couldn’t find it; his TV suddenly went blank.” No statement looks ahead to what follows; the series could stop at any point or go on indefinitely. There is no “race-course” with a beginning, a turning point, and an end. The virtue of this style is that it produces an assignment yakuza film, impression of plain speaking.

In a court case, for example, if one is trying to set out the facts and Statistics homework services, convince the jury of one’s honesty and straightforwardness (no matter how one has actually slanted the “facts”), this is the style to use. Of course, the loose style, when handled well, is yakuza film, every bit as “rhetorical” as the periodic style–but its art is less apparent. In the periodic style, by for college best way contrast, markers of various sorts, often introducing phrases or clauses subordinate to the main idea, indicate the path ahead. The reader sees signs of assignment yakuza film things to come and Write credit report, is prepared for Essay assignment film them when they appear. The art of composing and business plan writers, of reading this sort of Greek involves setting up and then fulfilling (often with variations along the way) assumptions about how the Essay assignment yakuza film sentence will develop.

At the finish, the audience should feel that an appropriate end has been reached, a clearly defined course completed. All periodic composition involves, in write, one way or another, suspension of sense: the arrangement of one or more elements of the sentence so that the thought is not felt to be complete until something else has been added. Let us rewrite the sentence above in periodic style: “After his trip to the store, where he bought milk and (on a sudden whim) cheese, Bill’s arrival at Essay assignment yakuza, home was marred, first by his cat, who had gotten away and couldn’t be found, then by state college scholarships his TV, which suddenly went blank.” Bill’s shopping expedition has become a noun phrase introduced by the preposition “after”. His purchases are subordinated in a clause introduced by the conjunction “where”. A parenthesis characterizes his acquisition of cheese. The center of the sentence makes the main point: coming home was no fun. The two reasons for this are appended in two parallel expressions consisting of an assignment, adverb (“first”, “then”), a prepositional phrase (“by his cat”, “by his TV”), and a relative clause (“who. . .”, “which. . .”).

As silly as these sentences are, they illustrate an Keene, important point: unlike a simple narration in the running style, a periodic sentence will highlight the main point(s) the writer is trying to put across and will require the writer to decide how various events or ideas are related. Yakuza Film. This need not mean, and in Greek usually does not mean, that the sentence is left grammatically incomplete until the very end. Poetry Essay. More often, as above, the main clause is in yakuza film, the middle or even at Low cost business plan writers, the beginning, with subordinate elements appended. Many other arrangements are of course possible and Essay assignment film, none is Poetry essay write, “objectively” better than another. What is important, in reading as well as in composing such sentences, is to yakuza understand the thought which drives the structure. Loose Style and Periodic Style: Examples in English. The periodic style is not at home in present-day American English. Statistics Good. Short, clear sentences pack more punch for us than syntactical and rhetorical baroque. Too many connectives, too many subordinate clauses, too much suspension of sense makes one seem fussy, pedantic, orotund. But we should recall the importance of Essay yakuza Latin and Greek periodic style as a model for modern prose from the Renaissance onward. Here are examples in English of Low cost business plan writers both styles.

First, the lexis eiromene which has enjoyed such a vogue in English through the twentieth century, in a paragraph from Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises : The bus climbed steadily up the assignment yakuza film road. The country was barren and rocks stuck up through the clay. Scholarships Tuition 2013. There was no grass beside the road. Essay Assignment Yakuza Film. Looking back we could see the country spread out below. Far back the fields were squares of green and brown on the hillsides. Making the essay write horizon were the Essay assignment yakuza film brown mountains. They were strangely shaped.

As we climbed higher the Help for college best horizon kept changing. As the film bus ground slowly up the writing a essay for college road we could see other mountains coming up in the south. Then the road came over the crest, flattened out, and went into a forest. It was a forest of cork oaks, and the sun came through the trees in assignment film, patches, and there were cattle grazing back in Statistics services good, the trees. We went through the forest and the road came out and Essay assignment yakuza film, turned along a rise of land, and analytical essay write, out ahead of us was a rolling green plain, with dark mountains beyond it.

These were not like the brown, heat-baked mountains we had left behind. These were wooded and there were clouds coming down from them. The green plain stretched off. It was cut by fences and the white of the road showed through the trunks of a double line of trees that crossed the plain toward the north. As we came to the edge of the rise we saw the red roofs and white houses of Burguete ahead strung out on the plain, and away off on the shoulder of the first dark mountain was the gray metal-sheathed roof of the monastery of Roncesvalles.

(Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises , New York 1926, repr. 1954, chapter 3, p. Essay Yakuza. 108) As an example of periodic style here is Samuel Johnson in the Preface to his edition of Shakespeare: That praises are without reason lavished on the dead, and that the honours due only to excellence are paid to antiquity, is a complaint likely to be always continued by help those who, being able to add nothing to truth, hope for eminence from the heresies of paradox, or those who, being forced by disappointment upon film consolatory expedients, are willing to hope from posterity what the present age refuses, and Low cost business writers, flatter themselves that the regard which is yet denied by envy will be at film, last bestowed by Homework 4 you online chat time. . . . To works, however, of which the excellence is not absolute and definite, but gradual and comparative; to works not raised upon principles demonstrative and scientific, but appealing wholly to observation and experience, no other test can be applied than length of duration and continuance of esteem. What mankind have long possessed they have often examined and assignment, compared, and if they persist to value the possession it is state, because frequent comparisons have confirmed opinion in its favour. As among the works of nature no man can properly call a river deep or a mountain high without the knowledge of Essay assignment film many mountains and writing best, many rivers, so, in the productions of genius, nothing can be styled excellent till it has been compared with other works of the same kind. . . . The reverence due to writings that have long subsisted arises, therefore, not from yakuza film any credulous confidence in analytical write, the superior wisdom of past ages, or gloomy persuasion of the degeneracy of mankind, but is the Essay assignment film consequence of acknowledged and indubitable positions, that what has been longest known has been most considered, and writing way, what is most considered is Essay yakuza film, best understood. (Samuel Johnson, Selected Writings , ed. R. T. Davies, Evanston 1965, pp. 262-263)

The elegant and state scholarships 2013, varied architecture of these sentences, made clear by a fullness of expression where parallel phrases reinforce one another, will serve to remind us that English, too, is capable not only of “straight talk” but also of grandiloquence. We live in a Lysianic age, but our forbears were Ciceronians and Isokrateans. [For the difference between the Essay assignment film two see Cicero‘s comments on Isokrates; E. Laughton, “Cicero and the Greek Orators”; G. Williamson, The Senecan Amble (on stylistic models in the Renaissance).] We should note, too, that in setting out to compose in a classical language we are participating, however tenuously, in Low cost plan writers, a tradition which goes back to the humanists of the Essay assignment yakuza Renaissance, and indeed to the Hellenistic age. [Lanham (s.v. “period”, p. 113) quotes Michael Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators (Oxford 1971), pp. 20-21 and 131: “The pattern of the grand neo-classical sentence was the period: that is, the sentence combining a number of thoughts and statements in a number of balanced clauses. . . . It is writing for college best way, quite difficult to enjoy the humanists’ preoccupation with the periodic sentence. . Essay Yakuza Film. . . But one cannot come to historical terms with the humanists’ verbal performance without recognizing how supremely important it was for Help for college best them, and in how many different ways. The periodic sentence is the Essay assignment yakuza basic art form of the early humanists. It was a test of prowess, a focus for criticism, the full flower of the classical way with words and notions, the medium of most statements about relationships, and . . . it became at a critical moment a humanist model of artistic composition in general. . . Homework Services Good. . Compositio was a technical concept every schoolboy in film, a humanist school had been taught to essay apply to language. It did not mean what we mean by literary composition, but rather the putting together of the single evolved sentence or period, this being done within the framework of a four-level hierarchy of elements: words go to make up phrases, phrases to make clauses, clauses to make sentences.”] As we turn to Greek we shall be looking for examples of a loose style, where phrases and clauses come one after the other with no prior preparation, and a periodic style, where we are guided from a starting post, around a course, and back to assignment a finish-line. Write Report. As one would expect, the assignment film loose style developed before the more elaborate periodic style. But only scraps of the earliest prose remain, and the greatest writer associated with this style, Herodotos, is essay, far more sophisticated than some caricatures of him suggest and writes just as elegantly and effortlessly in the periodic as in the loose style.

The longest surviving fragment of Herodotos’ predecessor Hekataios (FHG 1, F15) provides a rare sample of a loose, naive style: For a graphic image of the Greek text click here. Orestheus, son of assignment yakuza film Deukalion, came to Aitolia for a kingdom and his dog gave birth to Keene state a log, and he ordered it to be buried, and from it grew a vine with many grapes. Thus he also named his own son Phytios. And from this one, Oineus was born, named from the vines (for the Greeks of old called vines oinai). And from Oineus was born Aitolos. Most striking is the Essay assignment film almost complete lack of subordination or hypotaxis. Except for the participle kletheis modifying Oineus each idea is “strung” after the previous one with a coordinating conjunction, i.e. paratactically (with coordination or parataxis).

The first three such links are made with kai; the repetition seems matter-of- fact, while in a more sophisticated writer such as Lysias it would have made an Write report ireland, emphatic point. The remaining linkages are: dio (= dia ho, “on account of which, therefore”), de, the participle kletheis, gar, and again de. The Greek text above is given with Jacoby’s punctuation: two complete sentences, each with a concluding clause separated by a raised dot, the second containing also a parenthesis. There is Essay assignment, nothing, however, in either the grammar or the sense to prevent putting a full stop at help 4 you, the end of each clause, including the one set off by parentheses. (The phrase kletheis apo ton ampelon could not, of Essay yakuza course, stand alone, but it too is “tagged on” at the end of Statistics services a clause.) Note also the somewhat repetitive pronouns: autou, hos, auto, autou, autou, toutou. Different as this is from the Greek of Lysias or Isokrates, it shares with the styles of later authors a concern that every clause be clearly connected to what precedes and follows. Nor is the connection in film, any way crude: in Homework help chat, the first sentence the three kai’s lead to a conclusion introduced by Essay assignment yakuza film dio.

The second sentence uses different connectives (de, the participle, gar, de) and analytical, the words oinas, ekaloun and ampelous in Essay assignment yakuza, the gar clause echo Oineus, kletheis, and ampelon in the preceding clause. Credit Ireland. Even in the two simple statements introduced by de (toutou d’ Oineus egeneto. . Essay Assignment Film. .Oineos d’ egeneto Aitolos) the position of egeneto changes, as does the Write credit report ireland position and case of Oineus’ name. This is not to claim any great sophistication for Hekataios’ Greek, but only to remind us that naivete is a relative notion. This passage survives because it was cited as an example of the loose style and, as with other authors whom we know only by tiny fragments, we cannot be sure that it is typical of Hekataios. He may have assumed a more naive style when he was recounting a myth. Plato does this in a more sophisticated way, for example in a passage from the Protagoras , discussed below, which suggests a parody of a traditional style of naive storytelling. Hekataios’ successor Herodotos is vastly more sophisticated. One should remember that he lived in Periclean Athens and was a friend of Essay yakuza Sophocles; he wrote in Ionic dialect about the archaic age but was not himself “archaic”. College Tuition 2013. He is a sophisticated storyteller (and historian!) who often employs, but is yakuza film, not limited to, lexis eiromene. Indeed, many a “loose” Herodotean sentence leads us step by step to a dramatic climax–and has, in retrospect, the essential quality of a periodos. Such sentences gain much of their effect from the very fact that they do not broadcast their intentions.

Here is Herodotos’ description of the arrival of Adrastos at Sardis (1.35): For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. When Croesus’ child had in hand his marriage, there arrived at Sardis a man bound up with misfortune and college tuition, not clean in hands, being a Phrygian by Essay birth and of the royal house. This man, coming to Croesus’ house according to the local customs asked to receive cleansing, and Croesus cleansed him. Cleansing is similar for the Lydians and the Greeks. When Croesus had performed the accustomed rites, he inquired where the man was from and who he was, saying as follows: “Man, who are you and from where in Phrygia have you come to be at my hearth? Whom of men or women did you kill?” And he answered: “King, of Gordias son of Midas I am the child, and college tuition 2013, I am called Adrastos, and having killed my brother unwilling I am here, driven out by my father and assignment yakuza film, deprived of everything.” And Croesus answered him as follows: “You are born of men who are friends, it turns out, and you have come among friends, where you will lack for nothing, remaining in our land, and bearing this misfortune as lightly as possible you will profit most.” [This translation is as literal as possible consistent with giving a sense of the flow of Herodotos’ narrative. Low Cost Plan. A useful exercise in coming to understand an author’s style is to note the things which even such a close translation cannot convey.] Herodotos’ sentences are longer and more complex than Hekataios’ and, like all later writers, he uses participles far more extensively. As each sentence unfolds, however, each phrase or clause is immediately clear: it advances the story without requiring us to hold several thoughts suspended at yakuza, once.

Thus the first sentence consists of a genitive absolute, followed by the main verb apikneetai, followed by its subject (aner, still unnamed), followed by more about the Low cost business plan man: his misfortune, his uncleanliness, his birth. At the end the phrases with men and de, both dependent on eon, lead up to the climactic word basileiou; the chiastic placement of the Essay assignment yakuza similar words geneei and geneos accentuates the final phrase. Each sentence that follows has a somewhat different structure and Help a essay, length. In the second sentence, for example, a participle leads off, then the main verb, then a second verb appended with de. Especially notable is Adrastos’ reply to Croesus, when he reveals who he is: the Essay connectives are men. . .de. . .de. Homework Services Good. He begins with his father’s and grandfather’s names, then his own; then, in a clause far longer than the first two clauses, he reveals his misfortune. The aorist participle phoneusas (what he did) and the perfect participles exelelamenos and esteremenos (his present circumstances) carry the weight of film this clause, with an unemphatic main verb (pareimi) coming between them.

This sentence is a good example of an ascending trikolon , that is, a sentence in for college, three parts with the longest element last. Further, this last element is itself divided into two parts, the second of which is Essay yakuza film, again divided. One could thus call the sentence “periodic” in the sense that it forms a structured whole with (literally, in this case) a clear beginning, middle and end. Yet the effect, as we read it, is of one thought added to another in a linear, “strung together” sequence. Also imparting “flavor” to Herodotos’ style are the Keene tuition repetitions and “superfluous” words or phrases: in the first sentence, perhaps eon; in the second, houtos; in the fourth, legon tade. More generally, Croesus’ questions to Adrastos are stated first indirectly, then directly: epunthaneto hokothen te kai tis eie. . . .tis te eon kai kothen. (Note the chiastic order, and note also that Adrastos replies chiastically, answering kothen before tis!) The effect is of an unhurried narrative–but not a flaccid one. Rather, Herodotos asks us to pause over each question, each answer, each event in the tale of Croesus, Atys and Adrastos so that at yakuza, the end, in the magnificent, fully periodic sentence which concludes the story (45.3), the whole weight slowly and help 4 you chat, relentlessly built up comes crashing down. [Cf. Denniston, Greek Prose Style , p. 8.] For an analysis of the film periodic sentence which begins Herodotos’ History , click here. Let us turn next to Keene state college tuition Lysias, who was noted for the simplicity and elegance of his style and the vividness and clarity of his narrations. In the speech Against Eratosthenes (8-10) he is describing his own arrest by the Thirty Tyrants:

For a graphic image of the assignment yakuza film Greek text, click here. Dividing up the houses, they went on their way. Me they found while I was entertaining guests; they sent them away and handed me over to Peison. Write Ireland. The others went to Essay assignment yakuza the workshop and Keene college scholarships 2013, made a list of the slaves. I asked Peison if he wanted to take money and rescue me. He said he would, if it were a lot. I said then that I was ready to give him a talent of silver coin, and he agreed that he would do this. Now I knew that he had no regard for either gods or human beings, but nevertheless in the present circumstances it seemed to Essay me to be imperative to get some pledge from him.

After he swore an oath, calling down ruin on for college, himself and his children, that he would accept the talent and Essay assignment yakuza, save me, I went into the room and opened the chest. Peison noticed and came in, and when he saw the contents he called two of his servants and ordered them to take the things in report, the chest. This translation ignores most of the yakuza connectives and converts most of the participles to finite verbs but nonetheless retains the exact order in Help a essay for college, which Lysias’ narrative unfolds. Indeed, one sign of lexis eiromene is Essay yakuza film, that one can translate it in order, phrase by phrase, without transposing anything. Such a translation, however, involves a considerable restructuring of Lysias’ Greek. To examine further the way Lysias has structured his narrative let us reproduce each element of the Greek on a separate line, with indentations to show the relationship among them; the excruciatingly literal translation which follows will show how complex the “loose” style of Lysias really is. To emphasize the careful connection and subordination of the Greek (even where ideas seem to follow straightforwardly one after the other), words which serve as signposts are in boldface and circumstantial participles, which express so many subordinated ideas so concisely, are underlined in the Greek graphic. For a graphic image of the business writers Greek text, click here. And dividing up the houses they went on their way.

And me, on the one hand, they found entertaining guests, whom driving out film, they handed me over to Peison; the rest, on the other hand, going to Keene state the workshop, made a list of the Essay assignment slaves. And I asked Peison, on the one hand, (5) if he wanted to writing for college way rescue me, taking money. he, on the other hand, said he did, if it were a lot. I said then that I was prepared to give a talent of silver coin, and he agreed that he would do this. (10) Now I knew that he had no regard for Essay assignment yakuza either gods or men, but nonetheless in the present circumstances it seemed to me to be most necessary.

to take a pledge from him. And when he swore, calling down ruin on himself and his children, (15) that accepting the talent he would save me, going into the room I opened the box; But Peison, noticing, came in. and, seeing the analytical contents, called two of his servants. and ordered them to Essay assignment film take the things in the box. [As a tool for analyzing Greek style such an services good, ultra-literal translation is far more useful than a smooth, fully Englished version, since the goal is to understand the Greek, not to replace it. Yakuza Film. Students should develop the Poetry analytical habit of translating Greek this way, in the order of the original.

To aim for a “polished” translation is to assignment ignore what makes the Greek distinctive.] Before we analyze this passage, a general note about the line-division and indentation of this and other passages below. It is report ireland, intended only to suggest the units of meaning into which the sentence seems to fall. Assignment Film. Each such unit was probably, but far from certainly, followed by homework a distinct pause when the assignment yakuza Greek was spoken aloud; much depended on credit report, a speaker’s (or reader’s) delivery. No “scientific” accuracy is claimed or, indeed, is possible. Lines often, but not always, correspond to kola. (To be entirely consistent one would have to Essay assignment yakuza film place eipon oun [9], for Low cost business example, on a separate line, but this would create a false impression of composition in very short units [kommata].)

We should remember, more fundamentally, that the very idea of Essay film a “sentence” is modern: ancient writers speak of a dianoia or sententia, “thought”, which may not coincide with our idea of a “sentence”. [For a modern definition of Statistics homework good a sentence see, e.g., Rickert, New Methods for Essay the Study of Literature , p. 111.] Likewise, while a “period” (periodos) often corresponds to what we would call a “sentence”, a portion of a sentence can constitute a complete period (as remarked by Aristotle and Demetrios). Modern punctuation represents the judgment of modern editors; in setting out texts I have generally followed the consensus of editors on Statistics, the placement of full stops. [See, e.g., Johnson, Luxuriance and Economy , pp. 15-17 with references.] Nor does a kolon (“limb”, membrum) necessarily correspond to what we call a “clause”; E. Fraenkel has shown that even a short phrase can have the force of a kolon. [See also H. Dik, Word Order in Ancient Greek , chapter 3.] And there is no hard and Essay yakuza, fast distinction between a kolon and the shorter unit called a komma (“cutting”, incisum). As for the indentations, they do not follow any set system but are intended as guides to the structure of the Poetry essay write sentence. In particular they do not always correspond to levels of subordination. (I have always found complex systems of notation, based on yakuza film, subordination, baffling.) Readers can learn a great deal by (re)organizing the “layout” of these passages in good, their own way and analyzing other passages of Essay assignment yakuza film their own choice. Now for Lysias.

In the passage quoted above there is almost nothing of overt rhetorical artifice, but its art becomes apparent when one observes, for example, the interweaving of participles and finite verbs. They tend to be paired, but not mechanically so. Write Report Ireland. The last sentence (lines 18-20), which describes Peison’s actions, is set out in three parts linked by kai. Lysias could have achieved greater concision and concentration, perhaps, by putting everything into a single clause with several participles and one main verb, but this would spoil the simplicity of the assignment yakuza narrative: Peison came into business writers, the room; he saw what was in the chest; he issued a command. (Two historical presents, eiserkhetai and kalei [but not a third –note ekeleusen], add to assignment yakuza the vividness.) The participles tell why (proximately) he did what he did, and it is worth analyzing each participle in this passage as to whether it is causal, temporal, conditional, or whatever. Poetry Analytical Essay Write. Note especially eparomenos in Peison’s oath (15): the phrase in which it appears is a longer element between two shorter ones, and we linger on it before coming to the oath itself, labon. Assignment. . Poetry Essay. .sosein.

Of course, even without such analysis the reader responds directly to what Lysias writes–but for this very reason it is easy to miss how much he is telling us, simply and elegantly. Notice also the Essay assignment yakuza variety. Shorter elements are interspersed among longer ones; constructions are varied. An indirect question leads to indirect statements: Peisona men eroton ei. . . , ho d’ ephasken ei. . State College Scholarships 2013. . ., eipon oun hoti . . Essay. . ., ho d’ homologese. . . ., epistamen men oun hoti. . ., homos d’. Poetry Analytical Essay Write. . .edokei. . . Assignment Film. ., epeide de omosen. . . . State Scholarships Tuition 2013. Note, too, the placement of sosai. . .labon (6), labein (13), labon. Essay Yakuza. . Help Writing For College Best Way. .sosein (16), labein (20). The repetition is assignment yakuza, “subliminal” rather than rhetorically insistent and includes a nice chiasmus (6, 16). Analytical Essay Write. In short, this is rhetorical art which succeeds by concealing itself.

As with Herodotos, lexis eiromene is anything but naive. If one wants to appreciate Lysias fully, one need only assignment attempt to translate a similar narrative from English to report ireland Greek! For an analysis of periodic sentences by Lysias, click here. Sophisticated in a different way is the storytelling style which Plato adopts from time to time, for example in the fable about the origin of justice told by Essay yakuza film Protagoras in the dialogue of that name. Help 4 You Online Chat. Here is an excerpt (320c8-e4): For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. Once there was a time.

when gods existed. but mortal kinds did not. And when for these too there came the yakuza film appointed time of birth, gods molded them within the business earth (5) from earth and fire mixing them. and from the things which blend with fire and earth. And when they were ready to lead them to the light, they bade Prometheus and Epimetheus. adorn them and assign powers to each as was fitting. (10)

And Epimetheus asked Prometheus if he could assign them himself. “And when I’ve assigned them,” he said, “you inspect them.” And so persuading, he assigned. And in his assigning, to some he attached strength without speed; the weaker with speed he adorned; (15) some he weaponed; to some awarding a weaponless nature, another power he devised for their safety: to the ones he wrapped in smallness. winged flight or underground home he assigned; (20) the ones he increased in yakuza film, greatness, by this very thing he made them safe. And so he assigned the Keene college scholarships rest, maintaining a balance.

On its surface the style of this passage is naive: Plato imparts a “flavor” of archaism to his story with short clauses, simple declarative statements, and repeated words. The first sentence (1-3) has three brief clauses with the verb eimi; the second and third clauses are exactly parallel, and Essay yakuza, the whole sentence begins and ends with the same word (the figure of kyklos). Low Cost Plan Writers. The variation theoi/thneta gene avoids a too-exact symmetry. The next two sentences (4-7, 8-10) are structured like each other, but there is variety within that structure: an epeide-clause, then the main verb, then a subordinate verb form (participle/infinitives), then a subordinate clause (hosa. . .hos. . Essay Assignment Yakuza. .). [The subordinate clause hos prepei is Low cost plan, virtually an adverb and thus does not have a line to itself.] The first of these sentences could have been ended after lines 5 or 6; the Essay film addition of line 7 is elegant, with its chiasmus (ges kai puros, 6; puri kai gei, 7) and Poetry analytical, the variation meixantes/kerannutai. Three short statements follow (11-13), with a fivefold repetition of forms of nemo carrying over from the preceding sentence (10) and into the next (14). In particular, the repetition of the last word of a sentence at the beginning of the next one (neimai/neimantos, nemei/nemon) is in the manner of Essay film Herodotos. Each of these three statements could stand as a separate sentence; each is shorter than the one before.

One can see the write art of this by glancing at the next sentence, which runs through line 18 (in thought, all the Essay yakuza way to 23): exactly the sort of variety that Plato always seeks, and a sure sign that he is Low cost business writers, creating the illusion of a naive style, not the real thing. This sentence catalogs the attributes which Epimetheus assigned to various creatures. After the link-word nemon these are set forth with a men and three des; note the chiastic variation tois/tous/tous/tois and the varied length of the clauses. The fourth clause (17) begins with a participle instead of a finite verb and introduces the whole category of animals without natural weapons; the longer kolon in 18, with the verb emekhanato at its center, sets the stage for the second catalog of attributes in 19-23. Here each category of animals is introduced by a relative clause, followed by a main clause detailing how these creatures were protected. The description of small animals, of course, is much longer than that of large ones! Finally, again very much in assignment film, the manner of Plato, the enumeration is concisely cut short by the final summary in 23. Particularly elegant is the repetition nemon (14), enemen (20), enemen (23): a kyklos with an extra form in the middle. A playful and sophisticated Platonic fable, then, where the narrative progresses straightforwardly even when sentence-structure becomes complex. Nowhere is anything essential to help 4 you online grammatical sense or meaning suspended for Essay assignment yakuza more than one line, so that the dominant impression is of someone speaking in the loose, “strung-together” style.

Periodic Style: Demosthenes and Isokrates. Turning to lexis katestrammene (lexis he en periodois), let us begin with a sentence of Demosthenes which Demetrios quotes as an example of a period whose form is determined precisely by its content, and which Demetrios then re-arranges into non-periodic style (Demosthenes 20.1; Demetrios 10-11). Here, and in the examples which follow, the periodic effect is gained by suspending until the end of the sentence an help 4 you chat, element essential for the grammar and the sense. For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. Men of the jury, most of all because I think it benefits the city for the law to be annulled, second for the sake of Chabrias’ child, I have agreed that I shall, as best I am able, speak for these men.

Demetrios says that this period, which consists of Essay assignment yakuza film three kola [apart from the opening vocative], has a certain “bending” or “turning” (kampe) and “concentration” or “coiling together” (sustrophe) at the end. What gives it this quality? Unlike the examples of lexis eiromene quoted above, this sentence begins with two kola subordinate to the final kolon not only grammatically but also in sense: malista men heineka. . . ./eita kai. . .heineka. . . Help For College Best Way. . The main verb homologesa comes at Essay film, the beginning of the last kolon but requires an infinitive in indirect statement to Low cost plan complete its meaning. Demosthenes holds this infinitive until the end by dividing toutois from sunerein with a subordinate clause. The whole sentence is aimed at an end, which sunerein provides. Note, incidentally, that Demosthenes avoids a too-exact corresponsion of the first two kola by varying their length, changing the position of heineka, having heineka govern first an articular infinitive then a noun, and by answering men not with de but with eita kai. Demetrios’ re-arrangement of this into a non-period is instructive.

For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. I shall speak for these men, citizens of Athens. For Chabrias’ son is a friend of mine, and much more than him the Essay assignment yakuza film city, for which it is right for Low cost business me to assignment yakuza film speak. As Demetrios remarks, the period has disappeared. Writing For College Best. Each kolon is independent in sense; a full stop could be placed at the end of assignment film any of the first three kola. Nothing forces us to Help look ahead for a conclusion to Essay film come. (Indeed, Demosthenes’ final word has become Demetrios’ first.) We are not on a circular course, with a turning point and a finish line in Statistics, sight, but on a straight path of Essay yakuza uncertain length. Each kolon is appended to the preceding one rather than fulfilling an expectation set up earlier. For excerpts from Demetrios’ essay, click here. A longer periodic sentence of Demosthenes is analyzed below. To return to the table of contents, click here. Here is a period from Isokrates’ Panegyrikos (186), cited by Aristotle in the Rhetoric (1410a):

For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. Fame and memory and glory. how much ought one to think. those will either possess while alive. or leave behind when they die. who in deeds of this sort excel?

Only a tortured English translation, as above, can reflect the way Isokrates has directed this sentence toward its “finish-line”, aristeusantas. Each element of the sentence requires something later to Poetry analytical complete its meaning: first come three accusatives; then they are made part of a question governed by the verbs khre and nomizein, the first of which requires an accusative subject, the second an infinitive; then come two parallel accusatives and infinitives, but since the accusative words are participles we still don’t know who the sentence is about; finally, the Essay assignment yakuza phrase tous. . .aristeusantas, with a prepositional phrase enclosed, tells us. Notice also how Isokrates emphasizes the structure of the Homework help 4 you chat sentence with repeated sounds and words: phemen, mnemen, posen; nomizein, ekhein, kataleipsein; e, e; zontas, teleutesantas, aristeusantas. Each of these repetitions spans two or three kola and Essay assignment yakuza film, leads us forward to the conclusion. A longer periodic sentence of Isokrates is analytical write, analyzed below.

Short and Long Kola: Xenophon and Thucydides. As is usual in Greek, each kolon in the examples just discussed is short and easily comprehended. Were this not so, it would be very difficult to suspend the assignment film sense until the very end. Two examples cited by Demetrios, each a description of Write credit ireland a river, show the strikingly different effect of very short kola (kommata) and unusually long ones. Assignment Yakuza. First, Xenophon’s description of the Statistics services good river Teleboas ( Anabasis 4.4.3, Demetrios 6): houtos d’ en kalos men, megas d’ ou. This (river) was beautiful, but not large. Then Thucydides’ description of the Essay Acheloos (2.102.2, Demetrios 45): For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. For the river Acheloos, flowing down from Mount Pindos through Dolopia and the Agraioi and Amphilochoi, and through the Akarnanian plain, skirting the city Stratos upland. and discharging into the sea by Oiniadai and creating a marsh around their city, makes it impossible, because of the water, in winter to writing for college way mount a campaign.

The sentence, like the river, flows and Essay film, twists and turns to its conclusion. Only in the last kolon do we get the main verb, and the adjective aporon preceding it forces us to wait for the final word, strateuein, which explains the strategic reason for Write credit report the entire excursus introduced by gar. An appropriately serpentine periodos! As a final example of a periodos where sense is suspended until the end, here is a sentence of Lysias, who was just as much at home in the periodic as in the loose style (25.18): For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. But if you think it necessary. the men whom those ones omitted to harm. yourselves to Essay assignment film ruin, none of the citizens will be left. In the protasis of this conditional sentence Lysias gains extra force first by using ei plus the indicative rather than the more usual ean plus subjunctive (making the whole sentence in effect a future most vivid or minatory conditional sentence), then by bringing the relative clause forward to precede the infinitive apolesai on Help writing a essay for college best way, which it depends. Assignment Yakuza Film. The sentence concludes both logically and dramatically with the main verb hupoleiphthesetai.

Not every periodic sentence postpones an essential element until the very end. Such sentences are indeed the Write most neatly “rounded” and “directed toward a finish-line”, but a longer period expressing complex ideas would be difficult for an audience to follow if they had to keep track of multiple suspensions of meaning and multiple subordinations until the Essay assignment final kolon. Often the main verb comes at the beginning or in the middle, and the effect of a essay for college best a structured whole is achieved by Essay yakuza carefully arranging parallel or antithetical kola whose sense is complete before the business writers sentence moves on. Here is Essay assignment film, Isokrates’ description of Xerxes’ march through northern Greece ( Panegyrikos 89, cited in part by Aristotle, Rhetoric 1410a): For a graphic image of the help Greek text, click here. Who came to so great a point of arrogance. that, thinking it was a small task to subjugate Greece. and wanting to Essay yakuza film leave a monument so great. that it is not a thing of human birth, he did not earlier stop (5) until he discovered and compelled. the thing which all men talk about: how with his army. to sail through the mainland.

and march through the sea, (10) yoking the Hellespont. and digging through Athos. This is a splendid example of a long and carefully crafted period where the main verb comes in the first kolon and everything else unfolds in later subordinations. The layers of Write subordination, rather than creating a tangled suspension of sense, unfold clearly and in sequence. Note how small the elements are which make up most of this sentence. The longest kola, the second and third, describe Xerxes’ grandiose thoughts; as his plan progresses, things seem to get easier until, in two short phrases, he yokes the sea and digs the land. And note the careful and varied connections: relative clauses, result clauses, a temporal clause, pairs of participles and film, a pair of infinitives set off by services men and de. Note, finally, how similar sounds reinforce parallel structures: pleusai, pezeusai (9,10); zeuxas, dioruxas (11,12). End-rhyme links the paired verb forms, the first syllable of zeuxas picking up sounds from the preceding pair. Another period of Essay assignment yakuza film Isokrates is analyzed above.

Many periodoi are based neither on suspension of sense nor on grammatical subordination but consist of a series of parallel or antithetical kola. Low Cost Business Plan Writers. Here are two examples from Lysias cited by C. D. Essay. Adams in his insightful discussion of the differences between loose and periodic style (Lysias, Selected Speeches , pp. 345-352): For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. The killing of men they thought of no importance; the taking of money they considered of scholarships tuition great importance. (12.7) For a graphic image of the Essay yakuza film Greek text, click here. many of the citizens to Statistics services our enemies they banished; many they wrongly killed and left unburied; many with civic rights they disenfranchised; of many the daughters about to be married they balked. Assignment. (12.21)

Strictly speaking, the first of these sentences presents an antithesis, the second a series of parallels. In each, however, as commonly, the kola are closely parallel in form: in the first, each kolon consists of infinitive + direct object + phrase with peri + main verb; at the end the rhyme hegounto/epoiounto (homoioteleuton) reinforces the Statistics homework services good parallel and brings closure. The kola are nearly equal in length: 18 and 16 syllables (the figure of isokolon or, more strictly, parisosis). The conjunctions men and assignment yakuza film, de produce a suspension not of immediate meaning but of general thought: while the first kolon gives a complete thought, we know that more is to come. In the second sentence four parallel kola portray the nefarious character of the Thirty Tyrants. Not only are the kola nearly identical in writers, length (17, 17, 15, and 18 syllables) but their similarity is strengthened by the repetitions pollous/pollous/pollous/pollon at Essay yakuza film, the beginning and exelasan/epoiesan/katestesan/ekolusan at Help writing for college way, the end. The detail added by the fourth kolon–the confiscations of property even prevented some families from giving their daughters dowries–provides a vivid and dramatic climax and brings a sense of Essay periodic closure. For excerpts from Help a essay best Demetrios’ essay, click here. For a graphic of Lysias 12.99-100 laid out in kola and kommata, click here. Even a single kolon can be periodic. Demetrios cites (17) the opening of Herodotos’ History : Herodotou Halikarnasseos histories apodexis hede. Essay. . . . Of Herodotos of Halikarnassos’ inquiry the result is this.

A neat suspension of sense, where longer words lead to a shorter “capstone”, hede. Since this period is part of a longer sentence, it is worth quoting the help online whole thing: For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. Of Herodotos of Halikarnassos’ inquiry the Essay assignment film result is this, that neither may the things done by men with time become extinct. nor may great and Poetry write, wondrous deeds, some by foreigners shown forth, both the other events and through what cause they warred with each other. Thus, in a masterful period, does Herodotos reveal the goal and scope of Essay film his History . Help Online Chat. Note the careful connections and the alternation of long and short kola. Note the double purpose clause (hos mete. . .genetai, mete. . Assignment. .genetai), where the second clause makes us wait while the meaning of erga is amplified by ta men. . . ta de. . . in apposition. Note, especially, how the good Persian Wars appear, understated, in Essay assignment yakuza, a kolon appended at the very end, in apposition to and amplifying what went before. Isokrates could have done no better. Rhetorical, Historical, and Philosophical Periods. Thus periodic sentences can have various structures and can achieve “rounding” or “concentration toward an end” or “completeness” in various ways and to various degrees.

In addition to Adams‘ distinction between periods involving suspension of sense, antithesis, and 2013, parallelism one should take note of the more fundamental distinction which Demetrios draws between three types of period, according to how tightly they are constructed: the rhetorical period, the historical period, and the philosophical period or period of dialogue. The rhetorical period is the most rounded, with a “turning” and “concentration” at the end (Demetrios 10). Examples are the passages from Demosthenes (20.1), Thucydides (2.102.2), and Isokrates (Panegyrikos 186) discussed above, where a crucial element is withheld until the conclusion. To return to the table of yakuza film contents, click here. A Short Historical Period of Xenophon. As an example of a historical period Demetrios cites the opening of Xenophon’s Anabasis : For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here.

Of Dareios and Parysatis were born two children, the older Artaxerxes, the younger Kyros. (Anabasis 1.1; Demetrios 3) According to Demetrios this sentence consists of credit ireland two kola, each of which, while an integral part of the sentence, completes its own thought. [One could also treat the phrases with men and de as separate kola (or kommata).] That is, the Essay assignment film first kolon is complete in itself, but the Homework help 4 you online chat second adds details which, once we have them, we perceive as part of an assignment yakuza, organized whole. Many sentences, both shorter and longer, are organized in this way, not only by historians but by Write every kind of writer. Assignment Yakuza. The construction is looser than that of a rhetorical period but still produces the impression of a rounded whole. To return to homework services the table of Essay assignment contents, click here.

The philosophical period or period of dialogue is analytical essay write, looser still and Essay assignment, barely gives the impression of writing a essay way being a period at Essay assignment, all. Demetrios cites the opening of Plato’s Republic : For a graphic image of the scholarships tuition Greek text, click here. I went down yesterday to Peiraios. with Glaukon, Ariston’s son, to pray to the goddess. and also wanting to see the festival, how they would perform it, since now they’re holding it for the first time. (Plato, Republic 327a1-3; Demetrios 21) Demetrios notes that kolon is piled on kolon in apparent artlessness–yet, as critics have long remarked, this is one of the most studied and artful of Greek sentences. [See, for example, Denniston’s remarks ( Greek Prose Style , p. 41).] Plato is said to have puzzled long over the order of the opening words. The very first word is the main verb; a full stop could be placed at Essay, the end of each kolon (except for the third, where te looks ahead to kai hama); the write indirect question tina tropon poiesousin comes as a seeming afterthought, picking up the accusative heorten of the previous kolon (the fairly common figure of prolepsis). Yet by the end we have run a full course, a periodos. Assignment Yakuza Film. The sentence is more than what it seems to be: formally (grammatically) one could regard it as lexis eiromene, but it is really periodic.

There is no one formula, then, for a periodic sentence nor, as we are reading an author, should we expect to Poetry analytical write be able to say with certainty whether this or that sentence or passage is “loose” or “periodic”, much less classify each sentence as rhetorical, historical, or philosophical. Rather, we should observe how Greek writers ring changes on sentence-patterns and how they use connectives and rhetorical figures as “signposts” for the listener and reader. Labels, where we can assign them, are means, not ends. For Demetrios’ remarks on the three types of period, click here. In order to place in perspective the use of rhetorical figures as guides to the architecture of assignment film a sentence, let us look at the most exuberant rhetorician of them all, Gorgias of Leontinoi, who amazed the Athenians with a style in Low cost business plan, which repeated sounds and plays on words were part of the very texture of the Greek.

Our Gorgianic exemplar is Essay assignment yakuza, chapter 6 of the Encomium of Helen . For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here. For either by Fortune’s volitions. and the gods’ counsels. and Necessity’s decrees. she did what she did, or by Homework help online chat force seized (5) or by words persuaded. If, then, because of the first, worthy to be accused is the one accusing: for god’s zealousness by human forethought it is impossible to hinder. (10) For it is natural not for assignment film the stronger thing by Low cost business plan writers the weaker to be hindered, but for the weaker by the stronger to be ruled and guided, and for the stronger to lead.

and the weaker to follow. But god than man is a stronger thing (15) both in force and in wisdom and in all else. If, then, to Fortune and the god the blame one must assign, verily Helen from her ill fame one must absolve. Not only is the passage composed for the most part of very short elements (kommata rather than kola) but many of assignment film these are the same or nearly the same in length (isokolon or parisosis): Tukhes boulemasi, theon bouleumasi, and Anagkes psephismasin (lines 1-3) are 6, 6, and 7 syllables; to men kreisson hegeisthai and to de hesson hepesthai (13-14) are each 7 syllables. End-rhyme (homoioteleuton) is everywhere: boulemasi, bouleumasi, psephismasin; harpastheisa, peistheisa, (5-7) [ is a medieval conjecture based on Gorgias’ development of the argument in chapter 15]; anatheteon, apoluteon (17-18). Parallel phrases follow one another in staccato succession: genitive noun + dative noun (1-3); substantive + phrase with hupo + infinitive(s) (11-12); substantive + infinitive (13-14). Parallelism of sound and structure comes from plays on report, sound (parechesis) and meaning (paronomasia) within and between phrases, with similar words and even forms of the same word juggled kaleidoscopically: boulemasi/bouleumasi (1-2); aitiasthai/aitiomenos (9), where the first form is passive, the second middle; kreisson. . .hessonos. . Essay Assignment. .hesson. . .kreissonos. . Keene State Scholarships. .kreisson. . .hesson (11-14), a double chiasmus. Note also the end-rhymes in -sthai and the alliteration of h- in 13-14: hegeisthai/hesson/hepesthai. Especially bizarre is theou prothumian/anthropinoi promethiai in Essay yakuza, 10: what appears to be a longer kolon is broken up (or is it simply tangled, like vain human intentions?) by these nearly impenetrable phrases. Before dismissing these devices as puerilities, we should remember two things: first, the Greeks did not regard words merely as arbitrary collections of phonemes randomly assigned meanings; sound was connected to sense. Second, the argument from which this passage is excerpted is meticulously logical and entirely typical of fifth-century “sophistic” argumentation as exemplified in Euripides, Thucydides, and Aristophanes. [See the works of John Finley cited in the bibliography.]

The layout of this passage in Low cost business plan, the graphic attempts to isolate its smallest constituent elements. Gorgias encourages this with his insistent repetitions and isokola. But if we step back and look at overall sentence-structure, Gorgias’ sophistication is evident. Essay Assignment Yakuza. The first sentence (1-7) pivots around epraxen ha epraxen; the possible reasons for Homework online chat Helen’s elopement are presented on either side of this main clause. Preceding it is one possibility (Fortune, gods, Necessity) divided into three; following it are others (probably three in number with one phrase each). Although we cannot know, as we read, exactly where the series will end (and indeed we do not know, since line 7 is a conjecture!), Gorgias suspends the sense nicely near the center of the Essay yakuza sentence.

The second sentence (8- 9), a straightforward protasis + apodosis, is inherently periodic. In the next (10) the predicate adjective adunaton, which reveals the grammatical construction, comes next to last, and the direct object prothumian receives its infinitive (the subject of the writers sentence) only at the end. By contrast, in the longer sentence which follows (11- 14) everything depends on the first word, pephuke: the first kolon, introduced by ou, leads to the second, which answers ou with alla and where koluesthai is answered by two infinitives, arkhesthai and agesthai; at the end (13-14) two further articular infinitives amplify the idea expressed in line 12. Since the phrases with men and de form a single thought, they could just as easily be placed on a single line. Essay Assignment Film. They would then complete an ascending trikolon.

The next-to-last sentence (15-16) is a straightforward nominal sentence, with kreisson amplified by three datives each introduced by kai. A Essay For College. The final sentence consists of protasis + apodosis, each concluded by a verbal adjective. [In line 18 the assignment first word is MacDowell’s conjecture (CQ [n.s.] 11 [1961] p. 121).] Thus if we go beneath the dazzling surface of Gorgias’ rhetoric the confident construction of the sentences which convey his argument is apparent. Gorgias’ prose, with its successive kommata and insistent jingles, seems at first anything but “periodic”. Demetrios, however, describes Gorgias as writing entirely in Poetry analytical essay, periods (15). Critics have puzzled over how his audience could have been so impressed by Gorgias’ speaking, but in the courts as well as in the ekklesia the goal, after all, was effective argumentation, and the present epideixis is a tour de force of exactly that.

If we look to the overall length and structure of each successive argument in Gorgias’ logos, a different Gorgias emerges, an expert packager of solid, familiar arguments in novel form. Often cited in this context is assignment yakuza film, Kleon’s condemnation of the Athenians’ obsession with rhetoric (Thucydides 3.38). The Athenians, says Kleon, want to Statistics homework services anticipate a speaker’s words and be seen doing so. Later, for an audience to do this was a sign of an unoriginal speaker whose words followed an all-too-predictable course (cf. Demetrios 15). Essay Assignment Film. This is the audience that, only months later, Gorgias astounded with his speaking. Such a seasoned, even jaded audience was ready for something new. Gomme‘s notes ad loc., citing several passages from Aristophanes, evoke well the intellectual atmosphere attending Gorgias’ arrival. To conclude this section here is an appropriately rhetorical translation of college tuition 2013 this passage by Larue Van Hook: For either by the disposition of fortune and Essay, the ratification of the gods and the determination of necessity she did what she did, or by violence confounded, or by for college best persuasion dumbfounded, or to yakuza film Love surrendered. If, however, it was against her will, the culpable should not be exculpated.

For it is impossible to forestall divine disposals by human proposals. Help Writing A Essay For College. It is a law of nature that the stronger is film, not subordinated to the weaker, but the weaker is subjugated and state college scholarships, dominated by the stronger; the stronger is the leader, while the weaker is the entreater. Divinity surpasses humanity in might, in sight, and in all else. Therefore, if on Essay assignment yakuza, fortune and the deity we must visit condemnation, the infamy of homework services good Helen should find no confirmation. [Published in his introduction to Isokrates’ Helen , in vol. 3 of the Essay yakuza film Loeb edition of Isokrates, pp. 55-57.] Here, lastly, is an writing way, example of the Essay yakuza finest periodic style in Greek, the Keene state college scholarships tuition mature style of Demosthenes. Over the course of his career, Demosthenes developed a style unrivaled for its variety, intensity, and concentration, a style not wholly periodic like that of Isokrates but mixing long and complex periods with shorter, simpler statements, questions, exclamations. A good Demosthenic periodos, often cited, is the opening of the speech On the Crown : For a graphic image of the Greek text, click here.

First, Athenian men, I pray to all the gods and goddesses, as much good will as I continually have to the city and all of Essay assignment you, that so much be accorded me from you for this contest; second, a thing which especially concerns you and your piety and reputation, this for the gods to grant you: (5) not to make my opponent your advisor. about how you ought to listen to me. (that would be outrageous) but the laws and business writers, the oath, in which, in addition to the other just things, this too is yakuza film, written: (10) to listen to both in the same way. At the outset of his speech Demosthenes gives original form to a commonplace idea: both sides deserve a hearing, and each speaker should be allowed to Homework 4 you online develop his arguments in his own way. At each stage of the Essay yakuza sentence grammatical “signposts” and other key words create a suspension of meaning which is only resolved in a later kolon. Demosthenes casts the entire sentence as a prayer (as he does the conclusion of the Homework help 4 you chat speech [324], which repays comparison). The prayer has two main parts, introduced by proton men (1) and epeith’ (4).

The unremarkable words tois theois eukhomai are made memorable by three more words, bracketing the verb: tois theois eukhomai pasi kai pasais, which gives a striking rhythm: three cretics and a spondee. As for the content of the prayer, it will be given by the infinitives huparxai (3) and parastesai (5). Preceding the first is a relative clause introduced by Essay assignment yakuza hosen, which looks ahead to Write credit report ireland the correlative tosauten for the completion of its meaning: in return for his efforts on assignment film, behalf of the city and its citizens, Demosthenes asks an equal recompense (a point reinforced by writers humin. . .par’ humon). Essay Yakuza. The second infinitive, parastesai, is again preceded by a relative clause, this time introduced by hoper, which looks ahead to its antecedent touto (and note, in 4 and scholarships tuition 2013, 5, huper humon and humin, forming an elegant chiasmus with the earlier pronouns humin [2] and humon [3]). But the second part of the prayer is not complete. Unlike toiauten huparxai the phrase touto parastesai forces us to look ahead to complete the meaning of touto, which is supplied by the infinitive me. . .poiesasthai, in apposition to yakuza film touto. But we are not through yet. The word sumboulon requires an explanation, provided (7) by a concise prepositional phrase with an articular indirect question (!). Demosthenes then pauses for a parenthetical remark (8).

Then he picks up and continues the construction which he had interrupted: me ton antidikon sumboulon poiesasthai. . .alla tous nomous kai ton horkon. Help For College. His delivery would have made it clear that me was here not a simple negative but required alla to complete its meaning. The period concludes with a relative clause explaining the film jurors’ oath–a clause whose culmination is prepared for Low cost plan by a prepositional phrase with pros and by the pronoun touto, in apposition to which comes the final articular infinitive–the point of the assignment yakuza film whole sentence, an equal hearing for both sides, invested now with the authority of the gods and the solemnity of the Write report oath. A complex period, with many suspensions of sense. With a subtle art Demosthenes resolves one suspension even as he introduces another. Essay Assignment Yakuza Film. The main verb leads off; the climax of the sentence comes in a “mere” relative clause. There are clear signposts, but they are varied and not pedantically regular. The same variety is apparent in the two parts of the prayer (2-3, 5-11).

Even proton men and Statistics, epeith’, the linchpins of the sentence, are not placed strictly logically: epeith’ should introduce a parallel prayer, with another verb answering eukhomai or with the same verb understood, but it does not. It introduces the yakuza second prayer dependent on services good, eukhomai. Line 4 above should logically be indented in the Greek graphic, but this is where logical strictness yields to art. To put it another way, proton men should really be placed after the first kolon–but how banal that would be! A shorter period of Demosthenes is assignment yakuza, analyzed here. More Periods of Gorgias, Isokrates, and Demosthenes. Here are some graphic representations of periods of Gorgias, Isokrates, and Demosthenes not discussed above. Click here to Help writing a essay best way see Gorgianic periods. Click here to see Isokratean periods.

Click here to see Demosthenic periods. The distinction between the periodic structures favored by Isokrates and those of Demosthenes is brought out well by Eric Laughton in his comparison of these orators with Cicero, who is Demosthenic rather than Isokratean (“Cicero and the Greek Orators”, AJP 82 [1961] 27-49; see especially pp. 41-49). Cf. H. C. Gotoff, “Thrasymachus of Chalcedon and Ciceronian Style.” But when one looks back at the elegant repetitions and subordinations, at the effortless variety of Plato’s expression, and especially at Essay assignment film, the elaborate edifice of Low cost business plan writers 14-23 (nemon . . . enemen), one has, in retrospect, a sense of rounding, a sense that one has been led on yakuza film, a planned path with a clear beginning, middle, and end.

It should be no surprise, in a writer so artful as Plato, that even a “loose” narrative has, beneath its surface, more than a hint of periodic style. [For a detailed analysis of Protagoras’ story as an example of a traditional fable, and a discussion of lexis eiromene in general, see E. Norden, Agnostos Theos, Anhang VII, pp. 366-379. On Greek and Roman fables see Ben Perry’s introduction to the Loeb edition of Babrius and Phaedrus (Cambridge, Mass./London 1965), pp. Scholarships. xi-xxxiv.]

FREE DOWNLOADABLE RESUME TEMPLATES. If you search the yakuza film, Internet for “ free resume template ” you will get over 19 million results. Unfortunately, many will only provide you with a PDF file, one or two resumes to Poetry, choose from, or nothing that matches your needs. We offer 447 professional resume templates and cover letters, as well as cover letter and resume writing help, and Essay assignment, a free resume builder. Ireland! Everything you need to create the perfect resume and land your dream job.

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It enables the easy movement around the page of images, text, icons, or other artwork. This allows you to manipulate your resume in assignment, creative ways. At the link you will find 26 resume templates using the InDesign INDD (InDesign Document) format. LaTeX – LaTeX is Keene state scholarships 2013, not a word processor; it is a “high quality type-setting system.” LaTex was created for academics whose publications include numbers, graphs, and non-Roman scripts. This platform offers users a way to create these kinds of images that its competition lacks. Follow the Essay film, link to find over write thirty resume templates in the LaTeX file format, downloadable as ZIP files. If you are applying for work in academia, you might need a CV template. Please see our Curriculum Vitae page for Essay assignment, a CV writing guide and examples. Some documents from our template library use “ lorem ipsum ” text.

We refer to those documents as “blank resume templates” because they are designed to assist you with the resume style. We also have examples with sample resume outlines, bullet points, professional profiles, experiences, summary statements, objectives, and other content. A Essay! These are created to help guide the Essay assignment, resume writing process. Explore our free resume library, download free resume examples and templates, personalize them to match your experience and needs, and start landing more interviews. For job-hunters on the go, here are three “Editors’ Choice” sample resume template designs. Each professional template has been prepared by resume experts and is suitable for most career stages and experience levels. You can also browse some of the most popular layouts we’ve created. Our hall of fame – Top 10 Best Templates – includes our ten most popular resume templates for you to download for free.

Chronological resumes allow potential employers to homework good, review your work history, duties and accomplishments at a glance. This type of resume is a great choice for job seekers with a long and stable employment record. Many hiring managers prefer seeing this traditional resume style. See our Chronological Resume Format Guide to format your own resume, and to Essay assignment film, download free chronological resume examples. Functional resumes take the Help a essay for college way, focus away from assignment yakuza film, work experience and emphasize qualifications and skills. Help Writing For College Way! This resume type works best for film, career changers, job seekers who have gaps in writing a essay for college best, their work history, and applicants with entry-level resumes.

See our Functional Resume Format Guide to learn how to create your own skills-based resume, and to download functional resume examples. Combination Resumes (also known as “hybrid resumes”) show your employment timeline while also highlighting your most relevant qualifications. This format works best for assignment, applicants with significant work experience and many job requirements and Homework 4 you online chat, responsibilities. Yakuza! Our Combination Resume Format Guide provides the tools you’ll need to make this tricky format work for you, as well as free examples. Our Basic Resume Templates are for applicants in traditional or conservative fields. Basic does not need to be boring. These layuts are streamlined and essay, organized, and Essay film, may add a touch of color to help your application stand out. They are appropriate in most industries and career phases (entry-level, managerial, or executive). Three of our favorite examples are below, and thirty more are in our Basic Resume Template library. Many companies now use an Applicant Tracking System in their recruitment process. Some of these systems cannot read graphics, tables, symbols, or charts.

If you want to ensure that an ATS doesn’t lose information in your resume, then plain text format is the safest choice. This modern resume style features a clean layout, traditional sans-serif fonts, and services good, prominent titles. See all of our ATS-Ready Resume Examples. Tested for clarity and readability, Clean and assignment film, Simple Resume Templates will add just the right amount of style to Low cost business writers, your professional profile. These effective designs rely on typography, white space, and color to Essay assignment yakuza, create a professional and current look.

If you think this resume style is for Low cost business writers, you, download one of three examples below, or choose from seventy options we offer here. Our Modern designs are elegant and streamlined with a twist of creativity. While these layouts would be appropriate for a variety of film, industries, they are ideal for Write credit, high-tech professions where candidates want to portray experience, discipline, and knowledge, as well as show that they are progressive and current with the latest technology. Essay! See three examples below, or follow the link to view more templates in our Modern Resume Design Library. Our Contemporary Templates will help you create an 4 you online chat, up-to-date and dynamic resume. These modern designs read like actual newsletters with headlines and teasers.

They are set up as two-column or three-column layouts. Essay Yakuza Film! If you think a Contemporary Template format is Help writing for college, right for Essay, you, you can download any of our twenty-two eye catching examples from the homework services, Contemporary Collection. In this resume template library, the designs incorporate actual images of professional work. If you are an Essay, artist, photographer, graphic designer, web designer, or other creative professional, you can use one of plan writers, our Portfolio Resume Templates to present your creativity and accomplishments in yakuza, a visual way. See all of plan, our Portfolio examples here. Struggling to decide what to trim from your two-page resume? Our One-Page Resume guide will teach you all the tricks professional resume makers use to not exceed a single page.

For eighteen sample resumes, each showcasing different techniques to fit resume content on a single page, follow the link to our discussion of One-Page Resumes. These artistic templates are a great design choice for any industry that values creativity. As fancy and bursting with imagination as they are, be sure to consider who will be reading them. You may love them, but not every employer will find them appropriate. If a creative resume template is right for you, download one of our 40+ examples from the Creative Resume Library. Infographic resumes are a new trend, and have gained a great deal of popularity in 2017. This resume type uses images, charts, and Essay assignment yakuza, graphs to Statistics homework services good, tell the story of Essay assignment yakuza film, your professional life. Creative resumes and visual layouts are not yet well accepted by all hiring managers, so be sure to consider your industry. We created 12 new designs featuring a variety of graphics for you to download – see our Infographic Resume Library. This new resume template library provides resume examples for various careers and career stages.

If you are a student or recent graduate with little or no job experience, then try our entry-level job examples: For students or recent graduates with some work experience, see more of our entry-level resume samples: Use these industry-specific examples if you have three or more years of professional experience in customer service or healthcare industries: If you live in one of the South Asian countries (Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India), then please see our country-specific examples: Good, bad or ugly?

Should you use a resume template? Some recruiting professionals advise against way, using templates and Essay assignment, resume builders. Low Cost Business Plan! They believe using those tools makes your resume look generic and keeps you from standing out from other candidates. This concern is worth considering. Essay Assignment! Recruiters and hiring managers see hundreds of Poetry analytical, resumes every day. One that is poorly crafted in either its formatting or its content will be quickly spotted and Essay assignment, moved to Homework online chat, the slush pile.

Templates fix the issue of poor formatting by doing it for Essay assignment, you. With a template, you will not spend hours trying to adjust margins and fonts. The content produced by resume templates and builders, however, is not meant to be the final result. Every job seeker’s experience is unique, and a template needs to be customized to match and promote that singular experience. A chronological resume template should not be used by a job-hopper, and a skills-based resume is not the best choice for executives with an impressive vertical career progression. Templates are meant to be a place to Statistics homework services good, start the difficult process of creating your resume. They aren’t one-size-fits all, cookie-cutter solutions, and they shouldn’t be treated as ready-made resumes. When used for guidance and inspiration when writing your own unique and original resume, resume templates can be a powerful weapon in landing more interviews more quickly. What are they and do you need one? If resume formatting is not your thing, you can get help from an film, online resume builder.

This resume-making tool handles both design and content, and Write credit report, can create excellent first drafts. Essay Assignment Yakuza! The search for homework services, work is a race, and resume builders are starting blocks. They don’t get you to Essay yakuza, the finish line, but can give you a head start over your competition. Resume builders offer many features that simplify the job-hunting process. Here are a few: Email and online resume – You can email prospective employers or post your resume online in homework services, many formats.

Writing Tips – Use tips and sample phrases to describe your work history and achievements. Assignment Yakuza! Cover letter templates and builders – Build a strong cover letter with templates and tips. Design – Built-in resume templates take care of formatting and design. Resume samples – Compare your resume against samples. Resume analytics – Find out if your resume is Poetry, being viewed and downloaded. … but keep in mind. As powerful a tool as resume builders can be, they are still best treated as first drafts. The algorithms resume builders use are able to incorporate basic syntax and film, industry jargon.

They do not, however, always sound natural. As Brenda Barron pointed out at business.tutsplus.com, “Using canned sentences can seem like keyword stuffing.” Resumes serve two functions. Their overt function is to list your skills, experience, and education. But their covert function is to show prospective employers how well you communicate, as well as your communication style. Essay! Because of Essay assignment, this, you need to edit your resume so that it sounds close to your natural, professional speaking voice. If you feel a resume builder is the report ireland, tool for you, see this page to find an film, online resume builder. Starting off on the right foot. A resume cover letter needs to do more than introduce you and highlight some of your skills. It needs to be engaging, well crafted, and well researched.

It needs to avoid sounding like a hard sell while still selling you to the company. If a resume is 4 you online, a list of assignment, your accomplishments, then its cover letter is where you get to tell the story of how you achieved those accomplishments. Use it to explain how your experiences will benefit the company. Tell the potential employer why this job is important to for college way, you. To help you avoid some common pitfalls and maximize the potential of your application, experts agree that you should consider the following guidelines.

Don’t skimp – While not all hiring managers read cover letters, they are not a waste of Essay assignment, time. Just having one could increase your chances of getting a job interview—even if the analytical essay, employer doesn’t read it. And if the hiring committee has a tough choice between you and a few other applicants, then a cover letter can be what separates you from your competitors. Assignment Film! Keep it brief – And the shorter the better. According to a resume survey of employers in Orange County, California, “Nearly 70% of employers want either a half page cover letter or ‘the shorter the better’ approach.” But there is some leeway here. Write Report! If the yakuza film, position or your experiences warrant it, then using more than half a page would be fine. Just make sure it’s well crafted. If possible, create a narrative – Especially when experience or the position warrants a longer cover letter—executive resumes, for Poetry analytical write, example—make it tell a story. The narrative structure is a powerful device, and Essay yakuza film, if you can use context, conflict, and resolution, then the reader won’t care that it is long. Low Cost Business Plan Writers! For a resume, a narrative’s context might be your work history.

The conflict may be experiences you’ve had in assignment, the past that left you wanting to do more than your previous position allowed. And the state college scholarships tuition, resolution could be getting this new job. Do your research – Research each company you apply to, and craft a new cover letter for each of them. With social media, this is far easier than it used to be. Assignment! Follow accounts of the company and its executives on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn to study their content and credit, the culture. Focus on details – Make sure that every word is essential. Use a spelling and grammar checker and writing apps. Ask someone else to read it and give you advice. Read from the end to the beginning and use other editing and proofreading tips. Learn how to format a resume by making the most of Microsoft Word’s features. Our short video tutorials will teach you some basic formatting tips and tricks.

How to use paragraph styles and Essay film, themes How to change header, footer, margins, and page size How to fit resume text on one page, and how to remove blank pages How to customize tabs, text boxes and tables How to add and online chat, remove sections. Please keep in mind that: All files are compatible with Microsoft Word, and many of them will work in other applications such as Mac Pages, Google Docs and OpenOffice. Yakuza Film! We create our templates in Microsoft Office 2010 and we use Microsoft Word default fonts. If you do not have these fonts installed or use a different operating system, our templates might look different on your computer.

We use text styles and plan, built-in color schemes to create our templates. Knowing how to use paragraph styles will ease the process of modifying a template. Essay Assignment Yakuza! While most resumes are US Letter size, some are A4. Keene State Tuition 2013! You can change the page size to make it compatible with the size used in your country. Essay Assignment Yakuza Film! For creative designs with colored backgrounds, consider setting the page color to “none” and print on a high-quality colored paper.

If the design requires borderless printing, a local print shop can help you if that feature is unavailable on your home printer. 855.213.0348 | MON-FRI 8A-8P, SAT 8A-5P, SUN 10A-6P CST. 2017 Bold Limited. All rights reserved. POWERED BY BOLD.