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mit thesis dspace Associate Director for Technology. Senior Business Strategist. HP External Engagement Manager. DSpace User Support Manager. DSpace Systems Manager. Senior Business Strategist. For the past two years the www.academic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Libraries and Hewlett-Packard Labs have been collaborating on the development of an open source system called DSpace#153; that functions as a repository for the digital research and educational material produced by members of a research university or organization. Running such an institutionally-based, multidisciplinary repository is increasingly seen as a natural role for the libraries and archives of research and teaching organizations. As their constituents produce increasing amounts of criticism original material in Academic writing needed www.academic, digital formats#151;much of which is never published by sur la, traditional means#151;the repository becomes vital to protect the significant assets of the institution and writing www.academic, its faculty.

The first part of this article describes the ethics buddhist, DSpace system including its functionality and design, and its approach to various problems in digital library and archives design. Academic Needed. The second part discusses the in 2014, implementation of DSpace at MIT, plans for federating the system, and issues of sustainability. DSpace Definition, Features and Functionality. In March 2000, Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) awarded $1.8 million to the MIT Libraries for an 18-month collaboration to build DSpace#153;, a dynamic repository for the intellectual output in writing needed www.academic, digital formats of multi-disciplinary research organizations. Writing Words. HP Labs and MIT Libraries released the system worldwide on November 4, 2002, under the www.academic, terms of the Architecture essay on art, BSD open source license [1], one month after its introduction as a new service of the MIT Libraries. As an open source system, DSpace is now freely available to other institutions to run as-is, or to modify and extend as they require to meet local needs. From the outset, HP and MIT designed the system to be run by institutions other than MIT, and to support federation among its adopters, in both the Academic needed www.academic, technical and the social sense. The DSpace Federation will be explored in a later section. So what is DSpace? It is an attempt to address a problem that MIT faculty have been expressing to the Libraries for the past few years.

As faculty and Dissertation guerre, other researchers develop research materials and scholarly publications in increasingly complex digital formats, there is a need to collect, preserve, index and writing needed, distribute them: a time-consuming and expensive chore for on art criticism, individual faculty and Academic, their departments, labs, and centers to Dissertation guerre manage themselves. The DSpace system provides a way to manage these research materials and publications in a professionally maintained repository to give them greater visibility and accessibility over time. DSpace was built breadth-first: it supports every function that a research organization needs to Academic writing needed www.academic run a production digital repository service, but as simply as possible. The project focus was on building a production quality system. It complements and was influenced by previous research in computer science and digital library architectures [2]. Our goals were to build a system that: would be immediately useful at Good books reports MIT, and hopefully at Academic writing needed other institutions; could be expanded and improved over Buying, time; and www.academic, could serve as a platform for future research. With the help of developers at on art other institutions that adopt DSpace under its open source license, we will work to add features and improve the different functions of the system as we learn what users actually want, and Academic, how to best support such complex requirements as digital preservation and digital rights management. DSpace is designed to make participation by depositors easy.

The system's information model is built around the idea of organizational Communities#151;natural sub-units of an institution that have distinctive information management needs. In the case of MIT (a large research university) Communities are defined to essay be the schools, departments, labs, and centers of the Institute. Academic Writing Needed. Each Community can adapt the essay on art criticism, system to meet its particular needs and manage the Academic writing needed, submission process itself. DSpace uses a qualified Dublin Core metadata standard for describing items intellectually (specifically, the Libraries Working Group Application Profile). Only three fields are required: title, language, and submission date, all other fields are optional. There are additional fields for document abstracts, keywords, technical metadata and rights metadata, among others. This metadata is displayed in the item record in DSpace, and is indexed for book in 2014, browsing and searching the Academic writing, system (within a collection, across collections, or across Communities). For the Write essay, Dissemination Information Packages (DIPs) of the OAIS framework, the system currently exports metadata and Academic writing, digital material in a custom XML schema while we work with the academic write, METS [3] community to writing www.academic develop the necessary extension schemas for the technical and rights metadata about arbitrary digital formats. DSpace's current user interface is web-based. There are several interfaces: one for submitters and others involved in the submission process, one for end-users looking for information, and Architecture, one for system administrators. The end-user or public interface supports search and retrieval of www.academic items by browsing or searching the metadata (all fields for essay, now, and specific fields in the near future).

Once an item is located in the system, retrieval is accomplished by clicking a link that causes the archived material to be downloaded to the user's web browser. Web-native formats (those which will display directly in a web browser or with a plug-in) can be viewed immediately; others must be saved to the user's local computer and viewed with a separate program that can interpret the file (e.g., a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, an SAS dataset, or a CAD/CAM file). DSpace is the first open source digital repository system to writing needed www.academic tackle the complex problem of how to accommodate the differing submission workflows needed for a multidisciplinary system. In other words, different DSpace Communities, representing different schools, departments, research labs and Good book in 2014, centers, have very different ideas of how material should be submitted to DSpace, by whom, and with what restrictions. Who is allowed to deposit items? What type of items will they deposit? Who else needs to review, enhance, or approve the submission? To what collections can they deposit material? Who can see the items once deposited? All of these issues are addressed by the Community representatives, working together with the Libraries' DSpace user support staff, and are then modeled in a workflow for each collection to enforce their decisions.

The system models e-people who have roles in the workflow of Academic writing needed a particular Community in the context of Personal statement essay kings a given collection. Individuals from the Community are registered with DSpace, then assigned to appropriate roles. For example, a department may choose to have two collections: one for working papers and another for datasets. They may then decide that any member of the faculty can deposit items to either collection directly, and that any member of the general public can have access to these collections. In this example the workflow is very simple, and the only role is Academic writing that of submitter. In a more complex example, the same department may have a working paper collection that requires tight editorial control by the head of the department.

In this case, they may choose to again designate all faculty as submitters, but also designate a small group of Personal statement for pharmacy people as reviewers, an administrative staff person as a metadata editor, and the head of the Academic needed, department as the guerre, final coordinator. An item deposited by a faculty member would then go through a process of review, cleanup and writing needed, approval before finally being deposited to the relevant DSpace collection. Each person with a role to play in this process is notified of the new submission, and goes to a personal workspace in the system to Architecture essay on art criticism perform their assigned task. Items that do not make it through the process are not archived in the system. DSpace was developed to be open source, and in such a way that institutions and organizations with minimal resources could run it. The system is designed to Academic writing run on the UNIX platform, and essay how to, comprises other open source middleware and Academic www.academic, tools, and programs written by Write, the DSpace team. All original code is in the Java programming language. Writing. Other pieces of the technology stack include a relational database management system (PostgreSQL), a Web server and Java servlet engine (Apache and Tomcat, both from the Apache Foundation), Jena (an RDF toolkit from HP Labs), OAICat from for pharmacy, OCLC, and several other useful libraries. All leveraged components and libraries are also open source software.

Libraries are bundled where possible (exceptions are described in the installation instructions). The system is available on SourceForge [4], linked from both the DSpace informational web site [5] and Academic www.academic, the HP Labs site [6]. While DSpace is open source and freely available, neither MIT Libraries nor HP offer formal support for DSpace adopters. It is our assumption that institutions that use DSpace will have resources to use the Personal essay kings, system, including adequate hardware that runs the UNIX operating system, and a UNIX systems administrator to install and configure the system [7]. Most institutions using DSpace will also want the writing needed, services of a Java programmer who can localize and customize for them, or enhance it, although this is not absolutely necessary to run the system. As DSpace continues to be improved by staff at HP, the MIT Libraries, and other institutions that adopt it during the coming year, MIT will take responsibility for evaluating and reincorporating these improvements into the main open source system available to the public.

Plans for in 2014, building a more sustainable open source maintenance strategy through the Academic writing, DSpace Federation will be discussed later. The DSpace architecture is a straightforward three-layer architecture, including storage, business, and application layers, each with a documented API to allow for Write essay, future customization and enhancement. The storage layer is implemented using the file system, as managed by PostgreSQL database tables. The business layer is www.academic where the DSpace-specific functionality resides, including the for pharmacy, workflow, content management, administration, and search and www.academic, browse modules. Each module has an API to allow DSpace adopters to replace or enhance that function as desired. Finally, the application layer covers the interfaces to the system: the web UI and batch loader, in particular, but also the OAI support and Handle server for resolving persistent identifiers to DSpace items. This is the layer that will get much of the attention in future releases, as we add web services for new features (e.g., to support interoperation with other systems) and Architecture essay criticism, define Federation services across the range of institutions adopting DSpace. To further its goal of Academic needed www.academic supporting interoperability with other DSpace adopters, and Architecture on art, with other digital repositories, preprint, and e-print servers, the system has implemented the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) [8]. DSpace used the OCLC OAICat [9] to accomplish this, and is currently exposing Dublin Core metadata for every item in the system. For material that is restricted to local access, the item metadata is exposed to OAI harvesters but the www.academic, system will enforce the Architecture, restriction when a user requests the associated bitstream(s).

DSpace at MIT has recently been added to the OAI registry, and as the system is deployed at other institutions, we intend to investigate what added-value services might be built on Academic writing needed, top of this promising piece of infrastructure to work across the Federation. For example, we may examine the possibility of defining and building preprint and essay criticism, e-print collections for a particular academic discipline with individual items distributed among many institutionally-based multidisciplinary repositories, all OAI compliant. One goal of persistent digital repositories is that it be possible to writing find and retrieve deposited items far into Application essay writing words, the future. Writing Www.academic. In particular, it is considered crucial that citations to archived material, whether found in Application essay, printed articles or online, remain valid for long periods. To this end, DSpace chose to implement CNRI handles [10] as the persistent identifier associated with each item.

The Handle System® covers assignment, management, and resolution of these persistent identifiers (or handles). Although CNRI has not registered with the IETF for an official namespace, handles are compliant with the IETF's Uniform Resource Name (URN) specification. Handle resolution can be done using a special client, or handles can be packaged in Academic needed www.academic, the form of Buying academic essay URLs and a proxy server used to resolve these into Academic writing needed, the handle form, which is, in turn, resolved to the local system location for the item. This second approach is the one we have taken in Architecture on art, DSpace. The main alternative to using handles is to use persistent URLs with HTTP redirection to allow items to move around over time. The long-term viability of Academic writing these alternatives is not yet sufficiently understood.

We plan to discuss this decision and Personal statement essay, its implications with other institutions adopting DSpace over Academic needed, the coming year, to see if the statement essay for pharmacy, DSpace Federation can support other systems of persistent identification while supporting distributed services. MIT Libraries' DSpace Implementation. DSpace is a system, a tool, and a platform for collecting, managing, indexing, and distributing digital items. Exactly how it is needed www.academic used, for what sort of digital material, by essay buddhist, whom, for how long, and so on, are policy issues to be decided by each organization adopting the system. In order to make the difference between system and policy more transparent, and to help other institutions get started, MIT is Academic writing www.academic openly sharing its own policy decisions with regard to DSpace. It is our hope that, while we acknowledge that our policies may not work well for other institutions, and will certainly evolve over time, they may offer guidance to others regarding the depth and breadth of on art issues that should be considered. At MIT, the original goal of DSpace was to capture the faculty's intellectual output in digital formats: research papers, other documents, datasets, images, audio/visual material, databases, or any other format they deem important. This goal led to two important policies: only faculty research would be accepted (not student material, not institutional records, and not material from non-faculty researchers without sponsorship from writing needed, faculty), and faculty would choose what would be submitted (within certain general constraints set by the Libraries and Archives). As a result of discussions with faculty, early adopter Communities, and others, the goal is unchanged but the policies have evolved.

The first change was in what could be submitted. If a DSpace Community defines a collection that, in order to be useful, should include material authored by non-faculty (or non-MIT faculty) then it can be deposited by that Community as long as the necessary copyright permissions are obtained. The second change was to accommodate material from the MIT Libraries and Archives. We will create a Libraries and write, Archives Community to hold digital collections of material such as e-theses and reformatted images#151;material that is heavily used and represents valuable assets of the institution. Beyond faculty-authored documents and data, another category of material has taken the spotlight for possible support by DSpace: educational material, or Learning Objects.

As course web sites and Academic writing www.academic, online teaching and learning environments proliferate, faculty are increasingly creating new and valuable digital material to support their teaching activities. These can take the Application linking, form of writing needed traditional lecture notes, sample exams, and course calendars, but also include things like complex simulations and visualizations, multimedia presentations, or videos of key lectures. Ethics Buddhist. As a matter of Academic writing local policy, the MIT Libraries will accept this type of essay writing linking material and is actively collaborating with two MIT-based projects in this area: the Open Knowledge Initiative (OKI) [11] and OpenCourseWare (OCW) [12]. For OKI, DSpace could serve as an active repository of course content items#151;those items of persistent, ongoing value (e.g., a physics simulation used regularly in various courses). Academic Www.academic. The OKI project is developing APIs to Buying how to support interoperability across OKI-compliant course management systems and writing, OKI-compliant digital repositories. For OCW, DSpace will collect older course web sites so that courses can be examined and course material found after the course is no longer actively taught. Architecture Essay On Art. Many questions remain about the appropriate relationship between digital repositories like DSpace and burgeoning online teaching environments, but this area is of such importance to faculty that it cannot be ignored. There are several ways to writing describe the essay write, value of an institutional repository to the faculty who will contribute material, and the administration that will support the effort.

And it is critical to explain those benefits, and to market the service, to needed both constituencies. As a multidisciplinary repository that represents the scholarship of MIT, DSpace at MIT showcases the international prominence of our faculty both individually and essay, collectively. The interdisciplinary content of the archive should attract a wider audience than a repository dedicated to one individual discipline would; moreover it provides currently lacking service to the growing body of interdisciplinary research efforts. The ability to distribute research results quickly will emphasize the cutting-edge nature of MIT's research, and supports the Academic writing www.academic, mission of the Institute to Write ethics generate, disseminate, and preserve knowledge [13]. The MIT faculty's research output will be valuable to writing needed www.academic researchers far into Dissertation sur la, the future, but preserving digital material (publications, datasets, images, visualizations, and so on) is extremely difficult.

To ensure long-term access to this important scholarship the MIT Libraries will manage DSpace as a preservation archive, keeping this material accessible, and Academic writing, often immediately usable, far into the future. The Libraries provide guidance in establishing new Communities, and Dissertation, assistance to faculty and others in using the system. DSpace was envisioned by the MIT Libraries as a continuation of their mission to needed collect, make available, and preserve important scholarly material of all kinds, especially that of Architecture essay criticism MIT's own faculty and research community. The Libraries are working to extend their services in the digital era, to reflect current trends in scholarly communication and education, and to offer new means of distributing research material that are enabled by network technology. Over the past few years MIT has been placing new emphasis on educational technology with initiatives such as OpenCourseWare and Open Knowledge Initiative. Faculty are investing a lot of time and effort in creating online educational materials that are valuable assets. Needed Www.academic. DSpace is collaborating with the statement essay kings, major educational technology initiatives at the Institute, including OpenCourseWare, so that storing, relocating, reusing and repurposing course content becomes reliable and easy. Faculty accustomed to finding documents online, whether published or pre-publication, expect to continue to work with discipline-defined collections. DSpace can store and deliver preprints and eprints from the host institution and could support virtual collections from different academic disciplines by means of federation across large numbers of participating institutions. Where disciplinary archives already exist for an academic community (e.g., the arXiv system at Cornell University [14]) DSpace could be made to automatically submit copies of relevant documents to these centralized archives during the local deposit process.

Transition Team and Business plan. From the fall of 2001 until spring of 2002, the Libraries formed a DSpace Transition Team consisting of project staff and www.academic, senior library staff from Dissertation sur la guerre, key departments (e.g., the Archives, collection services, public services, and needed www.academic, the systems department). This group was charged with figuring out how to deploy DSpace as a new service of the MIT Libraries: the Good, necessary policies, staffing requirements, communications strategies, management and Academic, governance structures, training plans, and Application essay writing, operational requirements. Participation in this group proved to be a useful vehicle for the library staff to become more familiar with the system, and discussions of these various issues were invaluable to the development of the production DSpace service. Participating in needed www.academic, the Transition Team group were two senior business consultants funded by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to write a formal business plan for a sustainable DSpace system at MIT. Their work consisted of compiling the results of the transition team deliberations and decisions, incorporating the work into detailed cost information for system operation, and outlining possible revenue options. The major conclusion of this planning process was that DSpace at MIT would be offered as a combination of subsidized core services (built into the Libraries' operating budget), and cost-recovered premium services that would allow the Libraries to meet varying unique needs for DSpace from particular Communities (e.g., exceptional amounts of disk storage, assistance with metadata creation, or conversion of files to supported formats). With this strategy we have insured that DSpace is an affordable undertaking for the MIT Libraries without compromising the service that can be offered [15]. Recent discussions of digital preservation focus on at least two levels: bit preservation, where a digital file is Architecture essay carefully preserved exactly as it was created without the Academic writing needed www.academic, slightest change, and what we'll refer to Write buddhist as functional preservation, where the digital file is Academic writing www.academic kept useable as technology formats, media, and paradigms evolve.

In the first case, it's very unlikely that the file could still be read or processed by software after five or ten years have passed, but we assume it's possible for digital archeologists to work with the file to buddhist try to needed www.academic unlock its secrets many years later, especially if they have some additional information about the format (e.g., a specification, creation or processing program, user documentation, etc.). Application Writing Words. In the latter case the material is always kept immediately useable (viewable, playable, searchable, or whatever you could do with it originally). Obviously, functional preservation is the more desirable level, but it will come with a price. As a community, our understanding of functional digital preservation is at an interesting juncture: we know how important the need is, we know how it can be done at writing www.academic an abstract level (e.g., format migrations or complex system emulation and so on). But few institutions have actually had to do functional preservation in a production setting on large quantities of heterogeneous material. So we have very little information about actual production strategies, costs, user reaction to information loss, or how much technical metadata is needed to support all of this. How does this all relate to DSpace?

The system captures minimal technical metadata to support digital bit preservation (file format, MD5 checksum, creation date), and provides descriptive fields to record more information when available. With this metadata and proper production procedures (e.g., high-quality servers and storage devices, good backup and disaster recovery plans), DSpace can support bit preservation so that the material deposited can be delivered to future users exactly as it was originally received. Application. For some digital formats this may be the best option available#151;for example, an executable program for which no corresponding source code was provided or a format that's so rare (or proprietary) that the DSpace host institution has no way of knowing how to provide functional preservation. However, functional preservation is currently a matter of institutional policy, and will only be implemented more thoroughly in writing, DSpace when we understand more about the ethics essay buddhist, production techniques, user requirements, and cost/benefit tradeoffs. Writing Needed Www.academic. In the meantime, each institution running DSpace will develop its own preservation policies which will depend on their submission policies (i.e., whether they accept all file formats or only standard formats like TIFF or AIFF). MIT plans to sur la guerre provide functional preservation for a list of supported formats, listed on the web site and shown to needed users during the deposit process. Supported formats include those that are documented standards (e.g., TIFF, AIFF, XML) or have published specifications (e.g., PDF, RIFF). Essay Linking Words. The other two categories of support for MIT's DSpace are known and unsupported. Known formats are those that are common enough to be familiar and usually quite popular, but which are proprietary in that there are no published specifications on which to base functional preservation. Academic Needed Www.academic. Unsupported formats are those that are either unknown to the Libraries or are extremely rare (e.g., a compiled program, a commercial CAD/CAM file, etc.).

The reason for distinguishing between known and unsupported is essay writing words that for writing, the former we expect to see commercial conversion programs become available as these formats become obsolete since there are so many files in these formats in existence with many industries dependent on them. If and when such commercial conversion programs emerge, MIT will move these formats into the supported category and Dissertation guerre, offer functional preservation for them. Since the very beginning, the DSpace project intended to make its system open source and to actively promote it to other institutions. Academic Needed. Why? There are many reasons for taking this approach: Developing a critical corpus of content that represents the intellectual output of the world's leading research universities Promoting the continued development of the DSpace service through the open source community Promoting interoperability of Good books in 2014 archival repositories and long-term preservation of scholarly work. In 2002, MIT formed collaborative partnerships with a small number of other academic research institutions in the US, UK, and Canada, to address some specific questions such as: what will it take to successfully deploy the system at another institution? How much localization, how much customization, and Academic writing needed www.academic, how much time and effort are needed? What services can be defined to leverage the digital collections of Personal essay kings these institutions, and Academic writing needed www.academic, how can they be implemented in DSpace? What sort of organization will the Federation become: A consortium? A new membership organization?

An informal and loose collaboration? Should it reside inside MIT, at another institution, or as a completely separate organization? These official partners include: Cambridge University (UK), Columbia University (US), Cornell University (US), Rochester University (US), and the Universities of Ohio (US), Toronto (Canada), and Washington (US). In addition to books reports these formal collaborations, many organizations have downloaded the DSpace system (almost 1,500 since early November) and many of these are in writing www.academic, the process of evaluating it for adaptability to Dissertation guerre their local requirements. Clearly there is great need for a system like DSpace, and as we explore the definition of the DSpace Federation over the coming year, we hope to get feedback and www.academic, advice from many of these institutions about how the system should evolve and how to make it sustainable beyond MIT.

Moving forward from here, there are many, many questions remaining, but we feel that great progress has been made, and we are eager to see how things develop. At MIT we are very pleased and Dissertation sur la guerre, excited to have a platform to begin exploring these issues, both within the Institute and with other institutions that want to advance the agendas of open access to scholarly information and the management and www.academic, preservation of digital material. At HP we are excited by the role that DSpace can play as a vehicle for exploring and developing standards, and for essay linking, ongoing research in digital asset management, archival, and preservation systems. Together we anticipate that DSpace will play an important role in the future of academic libraries and archives, and www.academic, we look forward to productive collaboration with other institutions in academic essay how to, this area. The authors would like to thank our sponsors: the Hewlett-Packard/MIT Alliance and the Andrew W. Www.academic. Mellon Foundation. We would also like to thank the for pharmacy, previous members of the DSpace project team whose contributions were invaluable, including Eric Celeste, Bill Cattey, Dan Chudnov, Peter Breton, Peter Carmichael, and Joyce Ng.

Finally, we would like to Academic writing thank the many colleagues at HP, MIT, and the Libraries in particular, who made this project possible. [7] Since the system is written in on art, java in can, in theory, run on other platforms than UNIX but this is untested by the DSpace development team.

The Scoop on Resume Length: How Many Pages Should Your Resume Be? by Katharine Hansen, Ph.D. Once upon a time, someone came up with a “rule” that resumes should not exceed one page. No one really knows who came up with the rule, but a great many job-seekers still seem to live in fear of this supposed edict. The fact is that very few “rules” exist today in the world of resume writing. Unbreakable rules include: You can’t lie, you can’t have typos/misspellings, and you can’t include negative information. Just about Academic writing needed www.academic every other rule you’ve ever heard about Write essay buddhist resumes, however, is breakable, including rules about how many pages your resume should comprise. Rules are one thing, but trends are another. Writing Needed Www.academic. After a period that could almost be described as “anything goes” in terms of resume length, the ethics essay, pendulum in this Twitter-inspired, short-attention-span age has swung back toward shorter resumes. “The norm for Academic needed, most resumes/CVs is one to two pages, even for very experienced professionals,” says the Findings of 2011 Global Career Brainstorming Day: Trends for the Now, the Good book, New the Academic needed, Next in Careers , published by the Career Thought Leaders Consortium. Dissertation. The publication went on to note that a survey of HR/recruiters on LinkedIn indicated an overwhelming preference for a second page.

Even against writing needed within this climate of shorter resumes, each individual situation dictates resume length. After surveying career experts, we developed some guidelines to help you determine the right length for essay on art criticism, your resume. It should be noted that length is primarily an issue that pertains to the traditional, formatted, “print” version of your resume. Academic Writing Www.academic. For resumes in electronic formats that are intended to be placed directly in keyword-searchable databases, page-length is immaterial. “The length of your resume doesn’t matter to books book, an applicant tracking system,” affirms Jon Ciampi, CEO of Preptel, a company that aims to help job-seekers penetrate these systems (as quoted in Academic writing www.academic, an article on CIO.com by Application essay writing words, Meridith Levinson). “It will scan your resume regardless of whether it’s two pages or four. Academic Www.academic. Submitting a longer (say three or four page) resume that allows you to pack in more relevant experience and keywords and phrases could increase your chances of ranking higher in the system,” Ciampi says in Levinson’s article.

Thus, this article’s guidelines apply either in situations where your formatted resume is screened by human eyes without having been placed into a keyword-searchable database or after a keyword search has narrowed the field of criticism, applicants. Resumes for new grads and writing needed www.academic, entry-level job-seekers are often, but not always, one page. Most college career-placement centers tell students to limit their resumes to sur la guerre, one page, notes resume writer Sharon Pierce-Williams, 75 percent of needed www.academic, whose business is Application essay linking words writing for Academic writing www.academic, the college population. Pierce-Williams observes that many career offices even require that students stick to a one-page resume.” Indeed, if there is Application essay one group that should strive for a one-page resume, it is college students and new graduates. In many cases, these entry-level job-seekers don’t have enough relevant experience to justify more than a page.

Some new grads do, however, have lots of relevant internship, summer-job, extracurricular, leadership, and sports experience that justifies a two-page resume. Pierce-Williams takes an unusual approach to new-grad resumes. “I have compelling proof that two-page resumes land job interviews for college students,” Pierce-Williams says. “Length depends on extra-curricular involvement and leadership. It takes a certain ‘go-getter’-type student for a two-page resume.” Pierce-Williams designs college-student resumes in which page one “often looks like a ‘regular’ resume, but page two is entitled ‘Key Leadership and Project Management’ or simply ‘Key Leadership.'” Pierce-Williams says she uses this page-two section to list three to four projects in which the Academic needed www.academic, student made a difference in an association or sorority/fraternity. If you fall into the college-student/entry-level/new-grad group and are tempted to go to two pages, just be sure that you have the relevant material to justify a second page. “Once someone has been in guerre, business for 10 years, particularly if they have switched jobs, I find it difficult to keep it on one page,” says coach, speaker, and trainer Darlene Nason. Academic Writing Needed Www.academic. “I think a two-page resume is a good average.” In his Resume Critique Writer software, Grant Cooper of Strategic Resumes offers this view of the two-page resume: “The resume has now taken the place of the initial interview, and only those with significant qualifications and strong resumes are even invited to interview. True, it does take an additional minute or less for an HR professional to review the second page of a resume, but that extra minute is seen as far more helpful than scheduling a questionable candidate for a personal interview.” Supplemental sheets and Architecture on art criticism, addenda provide a way to writing needed, present additional information without adding to the length of the resume itself. Executives in Personal essay for pharmacy, particular were advised till recently that three- and four-page resumes were acceptable and even expected. Academic Writing Needed. Now, though, the trend is toward two-page or even one-page resumes for executives that are supplemented by various addenda that can optionally be submitted with the for pharmacy, resume. “A suite of writing, addenda,” says Deborah Wile Dib, president of Executive Power Brand, can be “a strategic way to mention presentations, awards, published works, technical skills, extensive education, and expanded success studies.” Dib, who particularly uses addenda with executives, notes that “such addenda allow for even greater depth without cluttering the resume.”

Creating various supplements and addenda enables the job-seeker to choose which pieces to send along with the resume. He or she might instead choose not to send any addenda but to bring them to the interview. Even among employers, there’s no consensus on preferred resume length. While there is no consensus among employers and recruiters about resume length, some feel one page is too short. Maureen Crawford Hentz, manager of talent acquisition, development and compliance at Osram Sylvania, Boston MA, particularly disdains “abbreviated or ‘teaser’ resumes” that urge the recruiter, “for more information, call me.” Many recruiters believe that two pages is about the right length; for Dissertation sur la, some, three pages is the outside limit that they will read. “If the resume is longer than two pages, it needs to needed www.academic, be well worth it,” noted Hentz’s colleague at Write essay buddhist, Osram Sylvania, Harlynn Goolsby.

Others question executives’ ability to prioritize if their resumes are longer than two pages. Since recruiters pass candidate resumes on Academic needed to client employers, they must also consider employer preferences. “Most of my clients profess that they are too busy to read anything lengthier — thus, I deliver what they require,” said Chris Dutton, director at Intelligent Recruitment Services and Owner, Intelligent IT Recruitment, Manchester, UK. Books Book Reports. Recruiter opinions about resume length have been colored in recent years by the growing practice of needed, reading resumes on a computer screen rather than printing them. Essay How To. Resumes that might seem too long in print are acceptable on screen. For many decision-makers, page length is less important than providing sufficient details. Writing Needed. “I … encounter quite a few resumes that have been stripped of any detail in order to confine them to one or two pages,” said Pam Sisson, a recruiter for Professional Personnel in Alabama. “My immediate response is to ask for a more detailed resume. A resume that’s three or four pages but actually shows the qualifications and ethics, experience necessary for a position is much preferred, in my opinion, to one that has cut out all the substance to meet some passe idea of a one-page resume.” John Kennedy, senior IT recruiter at Belcan agreed: “Resume length is of very little importance so long as the information is accurate, verifiable, and pertinent to the position. If a candidate has 20 years of experience directly relating to the position being applied for needed, and that experience is verifiable, it should be listed even if the resume goes four-plus pages.” Given that employers screen resumes for as few as 6 seconds, a resume must quickly capture the reader’s interest. “As long as the resume grabs the attention of the hiring manager, it is the right length,” says McCown-Guard. “Whatever the essay for pharmacy kings, length of the resume, the Academic needed, critical factor is to make absolutely certain that your reader’s interest is piqued within the first half of the first page,” cautions Laurie J. Smith, president of Architecture criticism, Creative Keystrokes Executive Resume Service. “Of equal or greater importance [to length] is concise writing, short paragraphs, brief lists of bullet points, and good organizational strategies that ensure the Academic, resume can be quickly skimmed,” notes the Findings of linking, 2011 Global Career Brainstorming Day: Trends for the Now, the New the Next in Academic www.academic, Careers . “In addition, it is essential to use strong merchandising and positioning strategies to bring the most relevant information to the forefront. Creating a strong impact “above the fold” — on the top half of the first page of the resume — has become increasingly critical for job seekers in one of the essay writing words, most competitive employment markets we’ve ever experienced.” Whatever page your resume ends on, text should fill at least a third to a half of the page.

If the last page of your resume amounts to just a few lines of text, it’s best to condense so that the preceding page becomes the last page of your resume. Conversely, don’t add superfluous text just to fill up the last page of your resume. “I never fluff up content for the sake of Academic needed, filling space,” says Teena Rose of for pharmacy, Resume to Referral. “Irrelevancies can dilute the writing, overall effectiveness of the resume.” The end of your resume, Rose notes, “should offer additional value and not be perceived as leftovers.” Don’t sacrifice your resume’s readability to make it conform to Architecture essay on art, arbitrary “rules” about resume length. It’s always pitiful when we have to Academic writing www.academic, whip out the magnifying class to read the tiny 8- or 9-point type on the resume of a job-seeker who has gone to absurd lengths to ethics, limit his or her resume to a certain number of pages. Www.academic. Don’t forego readable type (we suggest no smaller than 10.5 point; 11 to 11.5 is better), comfortable margins (some resume writers say 1 inch all around; we’ve gone as small as .7?), space between lines, white space, and a pleasing, eye-attracting layout just to Personal, cram your resume onto X number of pages. “It’s less taxing and time-consuming to read one and writing, a half or two well-formatted pages than one page where everything’s squished together,” observes one expert. “Those resumes that do contain detailed information, but are literally ‘crammed’ into one page, are now frowned upon,” says Cooper in his Resume Critique Writer software. “It is simply too difficult for a hiring director to read the tiny print and jam-packed information squeezed into how to write a one-page stuffed resume. Companies that once insisted on one-page resumes are perfectly happy with a clearly-written, concise, and Academic writing needed www.academic, well-formatted two-page resume that is easy to read, yet has the detailed information they now need.” Page numbers, headers, and Personal for pharmacy, footers can aid continuity in a resume that is two or more pages. All resume pages beyond page one need to be numbered. Some job-seekers choose a “page 2 of 3” model. “If you decide to go with two or more pages, be sure to include your name and appropriate page number at the top,” suggests Ann Baehr of Best Resumes. “And organize all of the information with distinct categories to make it easier for the reader to find what they are looking for at a glance.” Including your name close to the page number is highly desirable in case resume pages get separated from each other.

However, repeating your entire “letterhead” from the first page of your resume on subsequent pages can be confusing and take up too much space. Career-management coach Don Orlando takes a novel approach to a footer designed to writing needed www.academic, entice the employer to essay buddhist, keep reading the resume: “At the Academic needed www.academic, bottom of my multi-page resumes, there is Personal statement kings a [customized] footer that reads something like this: ‘More indicators of performance General Motors can use now…'” It’s OK for a resume section, such as your experience, to writing, straddle two pages of your resume, but avoid splitting the description of a given job over two pages. Finish describing a job on one page, and begin detailing the next-oldest job on Personal essay for pharmacy kings the following page. Final Thoughts on Job-Seeker Resume Length. One more guideline to Academic writing needed, consider is that one-page resumes are typically expected for networking and at job fairs. If you’re still torn about how long to make your resume, consider contacting a qualified resume writer for an expert consultation.

Questions about some of the writing linking words, terminology used in this article? Get more information (definitions and links) on key college, career, and job-search terms by going to our Job-Seeker’s Glossary of needed www.academic, Job-Hunting Terms. Katharine Hansen, Ph.D., creative director and associate publisher of Quintessential Careers, is an educator, author, and blogger who provides content for Quintessential Careers, edits QuintZine , an Architecture essay on art, electronic newsletter for jobseekers, and blogs about Academic writing needed storytelling in Write essay buddhist, the job search at A Storied Career . Katharine, who ea ned her PhD in organizational behavior from Union Institute University, Cincinnati, OH, is author of Dyn mic Cover Letters for New Graduates and A Foot in t e Door: N tworking Your Way into the Hidden Job Market (both published by writing, Ten Speed Press), as well as Top Notch Executive Resumes (Career Press); and with Randall S. Application Writing. Hansen, Ph.D., Dynamic Cover Letters , Write Your Way to a Higher GPA (Ten Speed), and The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Study Skills (Alpha). Academic Needed Www.academic. Visit her personal Website or reach her by e-mail at kathy(at)quintcareers.com. Check out Dr. Hansen on GooglePlus. Have you taken advantage of all the essay, many free resume tools, articles, samples, and more that we have in Academic writing www.academic, the Resume Resources section of Architecture on art, Quintessential Careers? QUINTESSENTIAL RESUME-WRITING PARTNER.

LiveCareer’s Resume Builder is the fastest, most efficient way to build an effective resume. Academic. Featuring hundreds of templates and professional designs for all jobs and industries, Resume Builder also includes sample phrases written by our experts, plus helpful tips and advice to make your resume stand out. We’ll guide you step by Buying academic essay how to, step through the needed, process, so you can build an impressive resume that will make employers want to know more. Ready to jump-start your job search and Architecture essay, move closer to reaching your goals? Try Resume Builder today, and learn how easy it is to create your own resume. We’re so confident that you’ll love Resume Builder that you can try it for FREE! Building Tools That Build Better Work Lives.

Since 2005, LiveCareer’s team of Academic writing needed, career coaches, certified resume writers, and savvy technologists have been developing career tools that have helped over 10 million users build stronger resumes, write more persuasive cover letters, and Architecture essay on art, develop better interview skills. Use our free samples, templates, and Academic, writing guides and our easy-to-use resume builder software to help land the Buying academic essay, job you want. Dr. Randall S. Needed. Hansen. Dr. Randall S. Hansen is founder of Quintessential Careers, one of the oldest and most comprehensive career development sites on the Web, as well CEO of EmpoweringSites.com. He is also founder of essay how to write, MyCollegeSuccessStory.com and EnhanceMyVocabulary.com. Writing Needed Www.academic. He is publisher of essay write, Quintessential Careers Press, including the Quintessential Careers electronic newsletter, QuintZine. Dr. Hansen is also a published author, with several books, chapters in books, and Academic writing www.academic, hundreds of articles. Good Reports. He’s often quoted in the media and Academic needed www.academic, conducts empowering workshops around the sur la, country.

Finally, Dr. Hansen is also an educator, having taught at writing, the college level for more than 15 years. Visit his personal Website or reach him by email at statement essay kings, randall@quintcareers.com. Check out Dr. Hansen on GooglePlus. Katharine Hansen, Ph.D., creative director and associate publisher of Quintessential Careers, is an educator, author, and blogger who provides content for Quintessential Careers, edits QuintZine, an electronic newsletter for jobseekers, and blogs about storytelling in the job search at A Storied Career. Katharine, who earned her PhD in organizational behavior from writing needed www.academic, Union Institute University, Cincinnati, OH, is author of Dynamic Cover Letters for New Graduates and A Foot in the Door: Networking Your Way into the Hidden Job Market (both published by Ten Speed Press), as well as Top Notch Executive Resumes (Career Press); and with Randall S. Hansen, Ph.D., Dynamic Cover Letters, Write Your Way to statement essay kings, a Higher GPA (Ten Speed), and The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Study Skills (Alpha).

Visit her personal Website or reach her by e-mail at kathy@quintcareers.com. Check out writing www.academic, Dr. Hansen on for pharmacy GooglePlus. I AM A CAREER CHANGER This page is your key source for all things career-change related. You’ll find some great free career-change tools and resources. Changing careers can be traumatic, especially if you have been in your current career for writing needed, a long time, but you do not have to Architecture essay on art, go through the process alone or [] Quintessential Careers: Career and Job-Hunting Blog. Quintessential Careers: Career and Job-Hunting Blog Career and job-search news, trends, and scoops for job-seekers, compiled by the staff of needed, Quintessential Careers.The Quintessential Careers Blog has moved!! These pages remain as an archive of our previous blog posts. Please check out the new and improved Quintessential Careers Blog for Job-Seekers and Careerists. Interview Advice Job []

The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers. The Quintessential Directory of sur la guerre, Company Career Centers Where job-seekers can go directly to the job/career/employment section of a specific employer’s Website.Because more and more companies are developing career and employment centers on their corporate Websites, Quintessential Careers has developed this directory, which allows you to Academic writing needed www.academic, go straight to the career and employment section of the [] Quintessential Careers: I am a Career Coach or Counselor. The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers Where job-seekers can go directly to the job/career/employment section of Architecture on art, a specific employer’s Website.Because more and more companies are developing career and employment centers on their corporate Websites, Quintessential Careers has developed this directory, which allows you to Academic needed, go straight to essay buddhist, the career and needed, employment section of the [] Mighty Recruiter Mighty Recruiter.

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19 Reasons Why This Is An Excellent Resume. Recruiters spend an average of needed, six seconds reviewing a resume before they make the initial decision on candidates, according to research conducted by TheLadders, an online job-matching service for professionals. That means you have to win them over fast. To get a better idea of what makes a resume great, we reached out to Amanda Augustine, career expert at TheLadders. She created an example of an excellent resume and allowed us to share it.

While resumes should be tailored to the industry you're in, the one below offers a helpful guide for entry- and mid-level professionals with three to Architecture criticism, five years of relevant work experience.. What makes this resume so great? Augustine outlines the following reasons: 1. It includes a URL to the jobseeker's professional online profile. If you don't include URLs to your professional online profiles, hiring managers will look you up regardless. Augustine tells Business Insider that 86% of recruiters admit to reviewing candidates' online profiles, so why not include your URL along with your contact information?

This will prevent recruiters from having to writing www.academic, guess or mistaking you for someone else. If you have a common name, consider including your middle initial on your resume and ethics essay buddhist, online professional profiles to differentiate yourself from the competition, says Augustine. For example, decide if you're Mike Johnson, Michael Johnson, or Mike E. Johnson. Then use this name consistently, be it on LinkedIn, Google+, Twitter, or Facebook. 3. It includes a single phone number and needed www.academic, email address. Choose one phone number for your resume where you control the statement for pharmacy kings voicemail message and who picks up the phone, she advises. The same rule applies to an email address. 4. Academic Writing Www.academic? It does not include an statement essay for pharmacy, objective statement. There's no point in including a generic objective about a professional looking for opportunities that will allow me to leverage my skills, says Augustine.

It's not helpful and Academic writing needed, distracting. Ditch it. 5. Architecture? Instead, it includes an executive summary. Replace your fluffy statement with an writing www.academic, executive summary, which should be like a 30-second elevator pitch where you explain who you are and essay criticism, what you're looking for Academic writing needed, . In approximately three to five sentences, explain what you€™re great at, most interested in, and how you can provide value to a prospective employer, Augustine says. Book In 2014? 6. It uses reverse chronological order.

This is the most helpful for recruiters because they're able to see what you've been doing in recent years immediately, says Augustine. Academic Needed Www.academic? The only Good book reports in 2014, time you shouldn't do this is if you're trying to transition to another career altogether, but then again, in this situation, you'll probably be relying more on Academic writing networks, than your resume, she says. 7. It uses keywords like forecasting and strategic planning. Many companies use some kind of screening process to identify the right candidates. Dissertation Sur La? You should include the keywords mentioned in the job posting throughout your resume. Identify the common keywords, terminology, and Academic writing needed www.academic, key phrases that routinely pop up in the job descriptions of your target role and book reports in 2014, incorporate them into your resume (assuming you have those skills), advises Augustine.

This will help you make it past the initial screenings and on to the recruiter or hiring manager. 8. Writing Www.academic? It provides company descriptions. It's helpful for recruiters to know the size of the company you used to work for, advises Augustine. Being a director of a huge company means something very different than a director at a small company, she says. You can go to the company's About Us section and sur la guerre, rewrite one or two lines of the Academic www.academic description. This should be included right underneath the name of the company. While the company size is helpful information, including the company description will also let the hiring manager know what industries you've worked in. For example, being an essay buddhist, accountant in tech may be very different than being an accountant in the hospitality industry. As with most things on a resume, the company description should be tailored based on the professional's goals. If you're looking to switch industries, your focus may be on the company size €” assuming it's similar to www.academic, your goals €” and less on discussing the various products your company sells.

9. It does not list achievements in dense blocks of text. Recruiters receive so many resumes to scan through at a time, so make it as easy as possible for them to understand why you're perfect for Good reports in 2014, the job. Academic Writing Needed Www.academic? Dense blocks of text are too difficult to Application essay writing words, read, says Augustine.. 10. Instead, achievements are listed in two to five bullet points per job. Under each job or experience you've had, explain how you contributed to or supported your team€™s projects and initiatives. As you build up your experience, save the bullets for your bragging points, says Augustine. Quantify your major accomplishments and contributions for each role, Augustine tells us. This can include the money you saved or brought in for www.academic, your employer, deals closed, and projects delivered on time or under budget. Buying Write? Do not use any more than three to five bullet points. 12.

Accomplishments are formatted as result-and-then-cause. A good rule is to use the result BY action sentence structure whenever possible. For example: Generated approximately $452,000 in annual savings by employing a new procedure which streamlined the business's vendor relationships. Writing Www.academic? 13. White space draws the reader's eyes to Buying essay how to, important points. Recruiters do not spend a lot of time scanning resumes, so avoid dense blocks of Academic writing, text. The key is to Buying academic essay how to, format the information in writing needed a way that makes it easy to scan and recognize your job goals and relevant qualifications, Augustine tells us. 14. It doesn't use crazy fonts or colors.

Stick to black and white color, says Augustine. As for font, it's best to stick with the basics, such as Arial, Tahoma, or Calibri. Augustine says you should never write your resume in third person because everyone knows you're the one writing it (unless you go through a professional resume writing service). Instead, you should write it in first person, and do not include pronouns. Architecture Essay? It's weird [to include pronouns], and it's an extra word you don't need, she says. You need to Academic writing needed www.academic, streamline your resume because you have limited real estate. Essay On Art Criticism? Avoid adding any embedded tables, pictures, or other images in your resume, as this can confuse the needed applicant-tracking software and jumble your resume in essay the system, says Augustine. Writing Needed Www.academic? 17.

It doesn't use headers or footers. It may look neat and Write ethics buddhist, concise to display your contact information in the header, but for t he same reason with embedded tables and charts, it often gets scrambled in an applicant tracking system, says Augustine. 18. Education is listed at the bottom. Unless you're a recent graduate, you should highlight your work experience and move your education information to the bottom of your resume, says Augustine. Never include anything about your high-school years. 19.

It doesn't say references upon request. Every recruiter knows you're going to Academic writing www.academic, provide references if they request it so there's no reason for you to include this line. Again, remember that space on Personal statement for pharmacy your resume is crucial so don't waste it on Academic writing needed a meaningless line, Augustine tells us. Now watch how to ace an interview: SEE ALSO: What Recruiters Look At During The 6 Seconds They Spend On Your Resume. NOW WATCH: The 9 Worst Mistakes You Can Make On Your Resume. Recommended For You Powered by Write essay, Sailthru. 19 Reasons Why This Is An Excellent Resume. Academic Writing? Recruiters spend an average of six seconds.

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close read essay and the Mental States I Believe They Have and Academic writing, Need in Order. to Participate in sur la, the Social Relationships I have Observed. By Karen Davis, PhD, President of United Poultry Concerns. of Toronto in Ontario, is the opening chapter in Experiencing Animal Minds: An Anthology of. Animal-Human Encounters , ed. Julie A. Smith Robert W. Mitchell, Columbia University Press, 2012. I looked at the Chicken endlessly, and needed www.academic, I wondered. What lay behind the veil of animal secrecy?

In this essay, I discuss the Personal for pharmacy kings, social life of chickens and the mental states that I believe they have and need in order to participate in the social relationships that I have observed in them. What follows is Academic writing needed, a personalized, candid discussion of Buying academic what I know, what I think I know, and www.academic, what I am unsure of but have observed relevant to the minds of academic essay how to chickens in their relationships with each other and writing www.academic, with other species and with me. Chickens evolved in the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains and the tropical forests of Southeast Asia where they have lived and raised their families for thousands of years. Most people I talk to had no idea that chickens are natives of Personal for pharmacy kings a rugged, forested habitat filled with vibrant tropical colors and sounds. Similarly surprising to many is the writing needed www.academic, fact that chickens are endowed with memory and emotions, and that they have a keenly developed consciousness of one another and of their surroundings. A newspaper reporter who visited our sanctuary a few years ago was surprised to learn that chickens recognize each other as individuals, especially after they’ve been separated.

A friend and Application, I had recently rescued a hen and a rooster in writing needed, a patch of woods alongside a road in rural Virginia on the Eastern Shore. The first night we managed to get the hen out sur la guerre, of the writing, tree, but the rooster got away. The following night after hours of playing hide and seek with him in the rain, we succeeded in netting the rooster, and the two were reunited at our sanctuary. When the reporter visited a few days later, she was impressed that these two chickens, Lois and Lambrusco, were foraging together as a couple, showing that they remembered each other after being apart. Chickens form memories that influence their social behavior from the essay, time they are embryos, and they update their memories over the course of Academic writing their lives.

I’ve observed their memories in action at our sanctuary. For instance, if I have to remove a hen from the flock for two or three weeks in order to treat an infection, when I put her outside again, she moves easily back into the flock, which accepts her as if she had never been away. There may be a little showdown, a tiff instigated by another hen, but the challenge is quickly resolved. Best of Good books in 2014 all, I’ve watched many a returning hen be greeted by her own flock members led by writing needed, the rooster walking over and gathering around her conversably, as if they were saying to her, “Where have you been?” and “How are you?” and Buying essay how to write, “We’re glad you’re back.” My Experience with Mother Hens and Their Families. What of the hens whom we observe each day at home, with what care and assiduity they govern and guard their chicks? Some let down their wings for the chicks to come under; others arch their backs for them to Academic writing needed www.academic, climb upon; there is no part of their bodies with which they do not wish to cherish their chicks if they can, nor do they do this without a joy and alacrity which they seem to exhibit by the sound of their voices. Dissertation Guerre! - Plutarch. The purpose of writing needed www.academic our sanctuary on Write ethics essay the Virginia Eastern Shore is to provide a home for chickens who already exist, rather than adding to the population and thus diminishing our capacity to adopt more birds. For this reason we do not allow our hens to hatch their eggs in writing www.academic, the spring and early summer as they would otherwise do, given their association with the roosters in our yard.

All of our birds have been adopted from situations of abandonment or abuse, or else they were no longer wanted or able to be cared for essay kings, by their previous owners. Our two-acre sanctuary is a fenced open yard that shades into tangled wooded areas filled with trees, bushes, vines, undergrowth and the soil chickens love to scratch in all year round. Www.academic! It also includes several smaller fenced enclosures with chicken-wire roofs, each with its own predator-proof house, for chickens who are inclined to Buying how to write, fly over fences during chick-hatching season, and thus be vulnerable to Academic, the raccoons, foxes, owls, possums and other predators inhabiting the woods and academic essay how to, fields around us. I learned the hard way about the vulnerability of chickens to predators. Once, a hen named Eva, who had jumped the fence and been missing for several weeks, reappeared in early June with a brood of eight fluffy chicks. This gave me a chance to observe directly some of the maternal behavior I had read so much about. We had adopted Eva into Academic needed www.academic, our sanctuary along with several other hens and a rooster confiscated during a cockfighting raid in Alabama.

Watching Eva travel around the yard, outside the sanctuary fence with her tiny brood close behind her, was like watching a family of Application writing linking wild birds whose dark and golden feathers blended perfectly with the Academic, woods and guerre, foliage they melted in and out of during the day. Periodically, at the edge of the writing www.academic, woods, Eva would squat down with her feathers puffed out, and her peeping chicks would all run under her wings for comfort and warmth. Kings! A few minutes later, the family was on the move again. Throughout history, hens have been praised for their ability to defend their young from an attacker. I watched Eva do exactly this one day when a large dog wandered in Academic needed, front of the magnolia tree where she and her chicks were foraging. With her wings outspread and curved menacingly toward the statement for pharmacy, dog, she rushed at him over and over, cackling loudly, all the while continuing to push her chicks behind herself with her wings. The dog stood stock still before the excited mother hen, and soon ambled away, but Eva maintained her aggressive posture of writing needed www.academic self-defense, her sharp, repetitive cackle and attentive lookout for several minutes after he was gone. Eva’s behavior toward the Personal essay for pharmacy kings, dog differed radically from her behavior toward me, demonstrating her ability to distinguish between a likely predator and Academic writing needed, someone she perceived as presenting no dire threat to her and her chicks. She already knew me from the sanctuary yard, and though I had never handled her apart from lifting her out Write buddhist, of the crate she’d arrived in writing needed, from Alabama several months earlier, when I started discreetly stalking her and her family, to get the closest possible view of them, the most she did when she saw me coming was dissolve with her brood into Application essay linking words, the woods or disappear under the magnolia tree. Writing Www.academic! While she didn’t see me as particularly dangerous, she nevertheless maintained a wary distance that, over time, diminished to where she increasingly brought her brood right up to the sanctuary fence, approaching the front steps of our house, and ever closer to me - but not too close just yet. When she and her chicks were out and about, and I called to her, “Hey, Eva,” she’d quickly look up at essay, me, poised and alert for several seconds, before resuming her occupation.

One morning, I looked outside expecting to see the little group in Academic writing needed www.academic, the dewy grass, but they were not there. Knowing that mother raccoons prowled nightly looking for food for their own youngsters in the summer, I sadly surmised they were the likely reason that I never saw my dear Eva and her chicks again. I kneeled down and stared into the face of the chick who looked intently back at me, before it hid itself, then peeked out again. I looked closely into Daffodil’s face as well, knowing from experience that making direct eye contact with chickens is Architecture on art criticism, crucial to forming a trusting, friendly relationship with them. If chickens see people only from the standpoint of boots and Academic writing www.academic, shoes, and people don’t look them in the eye and statement essay for pharmacy, talk to them, no bond of friendship will be formed between human and bird.

I’ve seen this difference expressed between hens we’ve adopted into our sanctuary from an egg production facility, for example, and chickens brought to us as young birds or as someone’s former pet. Former egg-industry hens tend to look back at me, not with that sharp, bright, direct focus of a fully confident chicken, but with a watchful opacity that no doubt in part reflects their having spent their entire previous lives in cages or on crowded floors in dark, polluted buildings that permanently affected their eyes before coming to our sanctuary. Psychologically, it’s as if they’ve pulled down a little curtain between themselves and Academic writing, human beings that does not prevent friendship but infuses their recovery with a settled strain of fear. I’ll say more about these hens presently. From the very first, a large red rooster named Francis regularly visited Daffodil and her chick in their nesting place, and Daffodil acted happy and content to have him there. Frequently, I found him quietly sitting with her and book reports, the little chick, who scrambled around both of them, in and out of their feathers. Needed Www.academic! Though roosters will mate with more than one hen in the flock, a rooster and a hen will also form bonds so strong that they will refuse to mate with anyone else.

Could it be that Francis was the father of Personal essay for pharmacy kings this chick and that he and Daffodil knew it? He certainly was uniquely and intimately involved with the pair, and it wasn’t as though he was the head of the flock, the one who oversaw all of the hens and the other roosters and writing www.academic, was thus fulfilling his duty in Architecture essay criticism, that role. Rather, Francis seemed simply to be a member of this particular family. For the rest of the summer, Daffodil and her chick formed a kind of enchanted circle with an www.academic, inviolable space all around themselves, as they roamed together in the yard, undisturbed by sur la guerre, the other chickens. Not once did I see Francis or any of the writing needed, other roosters try to mate with Daffodil during the time she was raising her frisky chick - the little one I named Daisy who grew up to be Sir Daisy, a large, handsome rooster with white and golden-brown feathers.

My Relationship with the Hens in Our Sanctuary. The industry must convey the message that hens are distinct from companion species to defuse the essay writing words, misperceptions. - Simon Shane, Editor, Egg Industry. The poultry industry represents chickens bred for food as mentally vacuous, eviscerated organisms. Hens bred for Academic needed, commercial egg production are said to be suited to a caged environment, with no need for personal space or normal foraging and social activity. They are characterized as aggressive cannibals who, notwithstanding their otherwise mindless passivity and Write essay, affinity for cages, cannot live together in a cage without first having a portion of their sensitive beaks burned off - otherwise, it is said, they will tear each other up.

Similarly, the Academic www.academic, instinct to tend and fuss over her eggs and for pharmacy, be a mother has been rooted out of these hens (so it is claimed), and the idea of one’s having a social relationship with such hens is dismissed as silly sentimentalism. Academic Writing Needed Www.academic! I confess I have yet to meet a single example of these so-called cannibalistic cage-loving birds. Over the years, we have adopted hundreds of Application essay writing linking “egg-type” hens into our sanctuary straight from the cage environment, which is Academic writing needed www.academic, all they ever knew until they were rescued and placed gently on the ground where they felt the earth next to their bodies for the first time in their lives. Statement Essay For Pharmacy! To watch a little group of nearly featherless hens with naked necks and mutilated beaks respond to this experience is deeply moving. Because their bones have never been properly exercised and their toenails are long and spindly for never having scratched vigorously in writing, the ground, some hens take a few days or longer learning to walk normally and fly up to a perch and settle on essay it securely, but their desire to do these things is evident from the time they arrive. Chickens released from a long siege in a cage and placed on the ground almost invariably start making the tentative, increasingly vigorous gestures of taking a dustbath. Academic Writing Needed! They paddle and fling the dirt with their claws, rake in guerre, particles of earth with their beaks, fluff up their feathers, roll on their sides, pause from time to time with their eyes closed, and stretch out Academic writing, their legs in obvious relish at being able to bask luxuriously and satisfy their urge to Personal essay for pharmacy kings, clean themselves and to be clean. Carefully lifting a battered hen, who has never known anything before but brutal handling, out of a transport carrier and placing her on the ground to begin taking her first real dustbath (as opposed to the “vacuum” dustbaths hens try to perform in a cage) is a gesture from which a trusting relationship between human and bird grows. If hens were flowers, it would be like watching a flower unfold, or in the case of writing needed a little flock of sur la hens set carefully on the ground together, a little field of flowers transforming themselves from needed www.academic, withered stalks into blossoms. For chickens, dustbathing is not only a cleansing activity; it is also a social gathering. Typically, one hen begins the process and ethics essay buddhist, is quickly joined by Academic, other hens and maybe one or two roosters.

Soon the birds are buried so deep in their dustbowls that only the moving tail of a rooster or an outspread wing can be seen a few feet away. Eventually, one by one, the little flock emerges from their ritual entrancement all refreshed. Essay Buddhist! Each bird stands up, vigorously shakes the dirt particles out of Academic writing needed his or her feathers, creating a fierce little dust storm before running off to the next engaging activity. Charity (front) with Freddaflower Zelda dustbathing. Early on as I began forming our sanctuary and organization in the 1980s, I drove one day from Maryland to New York to pick up seven former battery-caged hens.

Instead of crating them in the car, I allowed them to sit together in the back seat on towels, so they wouldn’t be cramped yet again in a dark enclosure, unable to see out the windows or to see me. Also, I wanted to watch them through my rearview mirror and talk to Write ethics essay, them. Once their flutter of needed anxiety and fear had subsided, the hens sat quietly in Write, the car, occasionally standing up to Academic writing www.academic, stretch a leg or a wing, all the while peering out from under their pale and pendulous combs (the bright red crest on top of chickens’ heads grows abnormally long, flaccid and yellowish-white in how to write, the cage environment) as I drove and spoke to them of the life awaiting. Then an astonishing thing happened. The most naked and pitiful looking hen began making her way slowly from the back seat, across the passenger seat separator, toward me. She crawled onto my knee and settled herself in my lap for the remainder of the trip.

The question has been asked whether chickens can form intentions. Www.academic! Do they have “intentionality”? Do they consciously formulate purposes and carry them out? In the rearview mirror I watched Bonnie, that ravaged little hen, make a difficult yet beeline trip from the backseat of the car into my lap. Reliving the scene in my mind, I see her journey as her intention to reach me. Good Book Reports! Once she obtained her objective, she rested without further incident. Intentionality in chickens is shown in writing www.academic, many ways.

An example is a hen’s desire not only to lay an egg, but to lay her egg in a particular place with a particular group of hens, or in a secluded spot she has chosen - and she has definitely chosen it. I’ve watched hens delay laying their egg until they got where they wanted to be. Conscious or not at the outset, once the intention has been formed, the hen is Good books, consciously and emotionally committed to accomplishing it. No other interpretation of her behavior makes sense by comparison. Sarah, for Academic needed www.academic, example, a white leghorn hen from a battery-cage egg-laying operation who came to our sanctuary with osteoporosis and a broken leg, was determined, as she grew stronger, to statement essay for pharmacy kings, climb the front stairs of our house, one laborious step at a time, just so that she could lay her egg behind the toilet in Academic, the bathroom next to the second floor landing. This was a hen, remember, who had never known anything before in her life but a crowded metal cage among thousands of Architecture essay on art criticism cages in a windowless building. Needed! I was Sarah’s friendly facilitator. Ethics Essay! I cheered her on, and the interest I showed in her and her wishes and successes was a critical part of her recovery, both physical and mental. These days in the morning when I unhook the door of the little house in which eight hens and Sir Valery Valentine the rooster spend the night, brown Josephine runs alongside me and dashes ahead down to the Big House where she waits in writing, a state of Architecture essay criticism eager anticipation while I unlatch the door to let the birds who are eagerly assembled on the other side of that door out into the yard. Out they rush, and in goes Josephine, straight to the favorite spot shaped by herself and her friends into a comfy nest atop three stacked bales of straw that, envisioned in her mind’s eye, she was determined to Academic, get to. Personal For Pharmacy Kings! Why else, unless she remembered the place and www.academic, her experience in it with anticipatory pleasure, would she be determined day after day to Application writing, repeat the episode?

Miss Sentinel Soul Sir Valery Valentine. In her mind’s eye as well is my own role in her morning ritual. I hold the Academic writing www.academic, Keys to the little straw Kingdom Josephine is eager to reenter, and she accompanies me trustingly and expectantly as we make our way toward it. Likewise, our hen Charity knew that I held the keys to the cellar where she laid her eggs for years in Dissertation guerre, a pile of books in a cabinet beside a table I worked at. Writing Needed! Unlike Josephine, Charity wanted to lay her egg in a private place, free of the fussing of hens gathered together and sharing their nest, often accompanied by a rooster boisterously crowing the sur la, egg-laying news amid the writing needed, cacophony of cackles. Charity didn’t mind my presence in ethics essay buddhist, the cellar. She seemed to like me sitting there, each of writing needed us intent on Dissertation sur la our silent endeavor. If the cellar door was closed, blocking her way to Academic needed, the basement when she was ready to lay her egg, she would pace back and forth in front of the window on the opposite side of the house where I sat at my desk facing the window. If I didn’t respond quickly enough, she’d start pecking at Architecture, the window with an Academic writing www.academic, increasing bang to get me to move. By the Application linking, time I ran up the steps and opened the cellar door, she’d already be standing there, having raced around the Academic writing www.academic, house as soon as she saw me get up.

Down the cellar steps she’d trip, jump into the cabinet, and settle as still as a statue in her book nook. After she had laid her egg and spent a little time with it, she let me know she was ready to go back outside, running up the steps to the landing where she waited until I opened the door, and sur la guerre, out she went. Do events like these suggest that the chickens regard me as a chicken like themselves? I don’t really think so, other than perhaps when they are motherless chicks and I am their sole provider and protector, similar to the way children raised by wolves imprint on and behave like wolves. Writing Www.academic! I see the ability of chickens to bond with me and be endearingly companionable as an extension of Buying how to write their ability to writing www.academic, adapt their native instincts to habitats and human-created environments that stimulate their natural ability to Architecture essay criticism, perceive analogies and fit what they find where they happen to be to needed, the fulfillment of their own needs and desires. The inherently social nature of chickens enables them to socialize successfully with a variety of other species and to form bonds of interspecies affection. Having adopted into guerre, our sanctuary many incapacitated young chickens from the “broiler” chicken (meat) industry, I know how quickly they learn to recognize me and my voice and writing needed, their own names. They twitter and chirp when I talk to them, and they turn their heads to watch me moving about or away from them.

Living in the house until they are well enough to go outside if they ever can, they quickly learn the cues I provide that signify their comfort and care and establish their personal identity. This is not to suggest that chickens are unlimitedly malleable. Mother hens and their embryos have a genetic repertoire of communications that are too subtle for essay, humans to writing, decipher entirely, let alone imitate. Dissertation Guerre! Chickens have ancestral memories that predispose the development of their self-identity and behavior. Even chickens incubated in needed www.academic, mechanical hatcheries and deprived of parental influence - virtually all of the Architecture on art, birds at our sanctuary - behave like chickens in essential ways.

For instance, they all follow the sun around the yard. They all sunbathe, dropping to the ground and Academic writing needed, lying on their sides with one wing outspread, then turning over and spreading out the other wing while raising their neck feathers to allow the warm sunlight and Good book, vitamin D to penetrate their skin. Academic Writing! Similar to dustbathing, sunbathing is a social as well as a healthful activity for chickens, where you see one bird drop to the ground where the sun is shining, followed by another and then another, and if you don’t know what they are doing, you will think they had died the way they lie still with their eyes closed, flopped like mops under the sun. I’m aware when I am in the yard with them that the chickens are constantly sending, receiving and responding to many signals that elude me. They also exhibit a clear sense of distinction between themselves, as chickens, and the three ducks, two turkeys and peacock Frankencense who share their sanctuary space. And they definitely know the difference between themselves and their predators, such as foxes and on art, hawks, whose proximity raises a sustained alarm through the entire flock.

I remember how our broiler hen Miss Gertrude, who couldn’t walk, alerted me with her agitated voice and body movements that a fox was lurking on the edge of the woods. Frankencense the peacock, Donald Arnold the writing needed, ducks, five Sentinel Sister hens, and Aubrey the turkey at UPC. While all of our sanctuary birds mingle together amiably, typically the ducks potter about Write essay as a trio, and Frankencense the peacock displays his plumage before the Academic writing, hens, who view him for the most part impassively. The closest interspecies relationship I’ve observed among our birds is between the chickens and the turkeys. A few years ago, our hen Muffie bonded in true friendship with our adopted turkey Mila, after Muffie’s friend Fluffie (possibly her actual sister) died suddenly and left her bereft, of which I’ll say more later. Right from the start, Muffie and essay, Mila shared a quiet affection, foraging together and needed, sometimes preening each other very delicately. One of their favorite rituals was in the evenings when I changed their water and ran the hose in their bowls. Together, Muffie and Application essay writing linking, Mila would follow the tiny rivulets along the ground, drinking as they went, Muffie darting and drinking like a brisk brown fairy, Mila dreamily swaying and sipping, piping her intermittent flute notes. Notwithstanding, I don’t think Muffie ever thought of herself as a “turkey” in her relationship with Mila, and I doubt very much that chickens bonded with humans experience themselves as “human,” particularly when other chickens are nearby - out of www.academic sight maybe, but not out of earshot. (Chickens have keen, discriminating hearing as well as full spectrum color vision. Architecture Essay! Chick embryos have been shown to distinguish the crow of a rooster from other sounds from inside their shells.) Chickens in my experience have a core identity and sense of themselves as chickens.

An example is a chick I named Fred, sole survivor of a classroom hatching project in which embryos were mechanically incubated. Fred was so large, loud and demanding from the moment he set foot in our kitchen, I assumed he’d grow up to be a rooster. He raced up and Academic writing, down the hallway, hopped up on my shoulder, leapt to ethics essay buddhist, the top of my head, ran across my back, down my arm and onto needed www.academic, the floor when I was at the computer, and was generally what you’d call “pushy,” but adorably so. I remember one day putting Fred outdoors in an enclosure with a few adult hens on the ground, and he flew straight up the tree to Buying essay, a branch, peeping loudly, apparently wanting no part of them. “Fred” grew into a lustrously beautiful black hen whom I renamed Freddaflower. Often we’d sit on the sofa together at night while I watched television or read. Even by herself, Freddaflower liked to perch on the arm of the sofa in front of the TV when it was on, suggesting she liked to be there because it was our special place. She ran up and down the stairs to the second floor as she pleased, and writing needed, often I would find her in statement essay for pharmacy, the guestroom standing prettily in front of the Academic writing needed, full-length mirror preening her feathers and observing herself. She appeared to be fully aware that it was she herself she was looking at in the Dissertation, mirror. I’d say to her, “Look, Freddaflower - that’s you!

Look how pretty you are!” And she seemed already to know that. Freddaflower loved for Academic writing www.academic, me to hold her and pet her. Sur La! She demanded to be picked up. She would close her eyes and purr while I stroked her feathers and kissed her face. From time to Academic writing, time, I placed her outside in the chicken yard, and sometimes she ventured out on her own, but she always came back. Eventually I noticed she was returning to me less and less, and for shorter periods.

One night she elected to statement essay for pharmacy, remain in writing www.academic, the chicken house with the flock. Good Books Book! From then on until she died of ovarian cancer in my arms two years later, Freddaflower expressed her ambivalence of wanting to writing needed www.academic, be with me but also wanting to be with the other hens, to socialize and nest with them and participate in their world and the reliving of ancestral experiences that she carried within herself. Liqin Cao and Freddaflower. My Relationship with the Roosters in Our Sanctuary. A less happy ambivalence appeared in a soft-colored gray and Write buddhist, white rooster I named Ruby when he was brought to our sanctuary as a young bird by Academic, a girl who swore he was a hen. Following me about the house on Write ethics essay his brisk little legs, even sleeping beside me on my pillow at night, Ruby grew up to be a rooster. In spite of needed our close relationship during his first months of life, once he became sexually mature, Ruby’s attitude toward me changed. Writing Linking Words! In the yard with the other chickens, he showed no disposition to fight.

He didn’t attack other birds or provoke antagonisms. He fit in with the existing flock of hens and roosters, but toward me and other people he became compulsively aggressive. As soon as I (or anyone) appeared in the yard, Ruby ran from wherever he was and physically attacked us. Having to work in the yard under his vigilant eye, I took to carrying a bottomless birdcage and placing it over him while I worked. When finished I would lift it off him and walk backward toward the gate with the birdcage in front of Academic www.academic me as a shield. What I saw taking place in Ruby was a conflict he couldn’t control, and from which he suffered emotionally, between an autonomous genetic impulse on the one hand, and guerre, his personal desire on the other to be friendly with me. He got to where when he saw me coming with the birdcage, he would walk right up and let me place it over him as if grateful for my protection against a behavior he didn’t want to writing www.academic, carry out. Essay! Even more tellingly, he developed a syndrome of coughs and sneezes whenever I approached, symptomatic, I believed, of Academic needed his inner turmoil. He didn’t have a respiratory infection, and essay on art, despite his antagonism toward me, I never felt that he hated me but rather that he suffered from his dilemma, including his inability to www.academic, manage it. My personal experience with our sanctuary roosters confirms the literature I’ve read about wild and feral chickens documenting that the majority of Dissertation roosters do not physically and Academic writing www.academic, compulsively attack one another.

Chickens maintain a social order in which every member of the Buying essay write, flock has a place and writing needed www.academic, finds a place. During the Good books reports in 2014, day our roosters and hens break up into small, fluctuating groups that are somewhat, but by no means, rigidly territorial. Needed Www.academic! Antagonisms between roosters are resolved with bloodless showdowns and face-offs. The most notable exception is when a new rooster is introduced into Architecture essay on art criticism, an existing flock, which may provoke a temporary flare up, but even then, there is no predicting. Last year I placed newcomer Benjamin in a yard already occupied by two other roosters, Rhubarb and Oliver and their twenty or so hens, and needed, he fit in right away. Ruby won immediate acceptance when I put him outside in the chickenyard after living in Personal essay kings, the house with me for almost six months. In dealing with Ruby I found an unexpected ally in our large red rooster Pola, who was so attentive to me, all I had to do was call him, and Academic writing needed, he bolted over from his hens and let me pick him up and hold him. I have a greeting card photograph of Pola and me “crowing” together, my one hand clasped over his swelled-out chest, my other hand holding his claw, in a duet I captioned “With Heart and Dissertation, Voice.” Playfully, I got into the habit of yelling “Pola, Help!” whenever Ruby acted like he was ready to come after me, which worked as well as the birdcage.

Hearing my call, Pola would perk up, race over to Academic, where Ruby was about to Architecture, charge, and run him off with such cheerful alacrity it was as if he knew this was our little game together. Writing Needed! I’d always say, “Thank you, Pola, thank you!” and he acted very pleased with his performance and the praise I lavished on essay him for “saving” me. He stuck out Academic www.academic, his chest, stretched up his neck, flapped his wings vigorously, and crowed triumphantly a few times. Roosters crow to Buying academic how to, announce their accomplishments. Even after losing a skirmish, a rooster will often crow as if to compensate for his loss or deny its importance or call it a draw. Last summer as I sat reading outside with the chickens, I was diverted by our two head roosters, Rhubarb and Sir Valery Valentine, crowing back and forth at each other in their respective yards just a few feet apart. It looked like Sir Valery was intentionally crossing a little too far into Rhubarb’s territory, and needed www.academic, Rhubarb kept dashing at him to writing linking, reinforce the boundary. Academic Needed Www.academic! There was not a hint of hostility between them; rather the contest, I decided as I watched them go at it, was being carried out as a kind of spirited mock ritual, in which each rooster rushed at Dissertation guerre, the other, only to Academic writing, halt abruptly on his own side of the invisible buffer zone they apparently had agreed upon. At that point, each rooster paced up and down on his own side, steadily eyeing the Good books reports in 2014, other bird and crowing at him across the divide.

After ten minutes or so, they each backed off and were soon engrossed in other activities. Roosters are so energetic and Academic writing, solicitous toward their hens, so intensely focused on every aspect of their social life together that one of the on art, saddest things to Academic writing www.academic, see is a rooster in Write, a state of needed decline due to age, illness or both. Buying Academic Write! An aging or ailing rooster who can no longer hold his own in the flock suffers severely. He droops, and I have even heard a rooster cry over Academic www.academic his loss of place and prestige within his flock. This is what happened to our rooster Jules - “Gentleman Jules,” as my husband fondly named him - who came to Dissertation sur la guerre, our sanctuary in the following way. One day I received a phone call from the resident of an apartment building outside Washington, DC, saying that a rooster was loose in writing, the complex and was being chased by children who were throwing stones at ethics, him.

After two weeks of trying, she managed to lure the rooster into the laundry room and called me to come get him. Expecting to find a cowering and emaciated creature needing to be carefully lifted out of a corner, I discovered instead a bright-eyed perky, chatty little fellow with glossy black feathers like Freddaflower. I drove him to our sanctuary and set him outside with the Academic writing needed www.academic, flock, which at the time included our large white broiler rooster Henry, and our feisty bantam rooster, Bantu, who loved nothing better than sitting in the breeze under the trees with his two favorite large brown hens, Nadia and Nadine. Jules was a sweet-natured rooster, warm and affectionate to the core. Essay Criticism! He was a natural leader, and the hens loved him. Our dusky brown hen Petal, whom we’d adopted from another sanctuary, was especially devoted to needed, Jules.

Petal had curled gnarly toes, which didn’t stop her from whisking away from anyone she didn’t want to come near her; otherwise she sat still watching everything, especially Jules. Petal never made a sound; she didn’t cluck like most hens - except when Jules left her side a little too long. Write! Then all of writing a sudden, the silent and Good reports in 2014, immobile hen with the watchful eye let out Academic needed, a raucous SQUAWK, SQUAWK, SQUAWK, that didn’t stop until Jules had lifted his head up from Write, whatever he was doing, and muttering to himself, ran over to comfort his friend. Jules the Academic writing needed www.academic, Rooster. Two years after coming to live with us, Jules developed a respiratory infection that with treatment seemed to Dissertation, go away, but left him weak and vulnerable. Academic Writing Www.academic! He returned to Architecture on art, the chickenyard only to find himself supplanted by Glippie, with whom he had used to be cordial, but was now dueling, and he didn’t have the heart or strength for it. His exuberance ebbed out of him and he became sad; there is no other word for the total condition of needed mournfulness he showed. Essay Buddhist! His voice, which had always been cheerful, changed to Academic, moaning tones of woe. He banished himself to the outer edges of the chickenyard where he paced up and essay how to, down, bawling so loudly I could hear him crying from Academic needed www.academic, inside the house. Write Buddhist! I brought him in with me and sought to comfort my beloved bird, who showed by his whole demeanor that knew he was dying and was hurt through and through by what he had become. Jules developed an abdominal tumor.

One morning our veterinarian placed him gently on the floor of his office after a final and futile overnight stay. Jules looked up at writing, me from the floor and let out a low groan of “ooooohh” so broken that it pierced me through. I am pierced by it now, remembering the sorrow expressed by this dear sweet creature, “Gentleman Jules,” who had loved his life and his hens and was leaving it all behind. My Experience of Dissertation Empathy and Affection in Chickens. I perceive in your literature the proposal that chickens be treated as pets. I have been involved with many thousands of chickens and turkeys and I don’t think they are good pets, although it is evident that almost any vertebrate may be trained to come for food. - Thomas Jukes in a letter to the author, 1992.

I have described how our hen Muffie bonded with our turkey Mila after Muffie’s inseparable companion, Fluffie, died leaving her bereft. Muffie’s solicitude toward Fluffie portended the death that would soon claim her friend. Like Jules, Fluffie developed an infection that treatment had seemed to heal, but she never fully recovered. One day, I looked out the Academic needed, kitchen window and saw Muffie straddled on top of Fluffie with her wings extended over her. I called my husband to come take a look at this moving and yet disturbing scene. We saw it repeated several times over the next few days. On a late afternoon, I went outside to put Muffie and Fluffie in for guerre, the night but found them already in Academic, their house in Buying academic essay, the straw. Fluffie stood drooping with her head and tail curved toward the ground and writing, Muffie stood motionless beside her. Linking Words! I rushed Fluffie to writing needed, the veterinarian and brought her home with medicine, but she died that same night in the small bedroom where she and Muffie had liked to perch on essay buddhist top of the bookcase in front of the big window overlooking the yard. After Fluffie died, Muffie stood planted for days in the exact spot where Fluffie had last stood drooping and dying.

Now, Muffie drooped in her place. She no longer scampered into writing needed www.academic, the woods or came bursting into the kitchen to sur la, jump up on the sink and peck holes in the sponge floating on top of the needed, dishwater. She was not interested in me or the essay on art, other chickens. Two weeks of this dejection and I said, “We must get Muffie a new sister.” That is how Petal, who had loved Jules, came to live in our sanctuary. The minute Petal appeared, Muffie lost her torpor and became a bustling “police miss,” picking on Petal and Academic, patrolling everything Petal did until finally the two hens became amiable, but they were never pals.

Through the years people have asked me, even more than whether chickens are “smart,” are they affectionate? - toward people, they particularly want to know. In this essay I have sought to show the affectionate nature of chickens toward me. Because I don’t just feed them but I also talk to them and look them in the eye and express my feelings for them, the birds at our sanctuary gather around me and Dissertation sur la, stand there serenely preening themselves or sit quietly on Academic needed www.academic the ground next to my chair while I read and sur la guerre, chat with them. Chickens represented by the poultry industry as incapable of friendship with humans have rested in my lap with their eyes closed as peacefully as sleeping babies, and as I have noted, they quickly learn their names. A little white hen from the egg industry named Karla became so friendly, all I had to do was call out needed www.academic, “Karla!” and she would break through the other hens and Personal for pharmacy kings, head straight toward me, knowing she’d be scooped off the ground and kissed on her sweet face and over her closed eyes. And I can still see Vicky, our large white hen from Academic writing, a “broiler breeder” operation, whose right eye had been knocked out, peeking around the corner of her house each time I shouted, “Vicky, what are you doing in there?” And there was Henry, likewise from a broiler breeder operation, who came to our sanctuary dirty and Dissertation sur la, angry after falling out of a truck on the way to a slaughter plant. Lavished with my attention, Henry, who at first couldn’t bear to be touched, became as pliant and lovable as a big shaggy dog. I couldn’t resist wrestling him to the ground with bearish hugs, and his joy at being placed in a garden where he could eat all the Academic needed, tomatoes he wanted was expressed in ethics, groans of ecstasy. Www.academic! He was like, “Are all these riches of food and affection really for me?”

One of my most poignant memories is Write essay, of a large black, beautiful hen I named Mavis. Mavis had been dropped off at a shelter by a man who’d exhibited her at agricultural fairs. She must have spent her whole life immobilized on the floor of writing needed www.academic a cage with a keeper who treated her like an object. Buying Academic! During her first two weeks at our sanctuary, Mavis could not even stand up without crumbling to Academic writing needed, the ground, and she was deeply shy and inexpressive. Essay Writing Linking! In the chickenyard she sat alone by the fence and poked around a little by herself without showing or attracting interest. Academic Writing Needed! I saw no sign that she was ever going to recover from the emotional and sensory deprivation of her previous life. Karen Davis Mavis. During this time, we had three adult broiler hens - Bella Mae, Alice, and Florence. They were the opposite sur la, of Mavis. All I had to do was crouch down in the yard, and here comes one of my Three Graces, as I called them, Bella Mae for example, bumping up against www.academic me with her ample breast for an embrace.

Immediately, Alice and Florence would hastily plod over on ethics essay buddhist their heavy feet to participate in the embracement ceremony. Www.academic! Assertively but with no aggression whatever, they would vie with one another, bumping against each other’s chests to maneuver the closest possible contact with me, and I would encircle all three of them with my arms. One day as we were doing this, I looked up and saw Mavis just a few feet away, staring at Architecture essay, us. The next time, the writing, same thing happened. Statement Essay Kings! There was Mavis with her melancholy eyes watching me hugging the three white hens.

And then it struck me - Mavis wants to be hugged. I withdrew from the hens, walked over Academic and knelt beside Mavis and pulled her gently toward me. It didn’t take much. She rested against me in a completeness of comfort that seemed to ethics, include her gratitude that her shy desire had been understood. In my first years of keeping chickens there were no predators, until a fox found us, and writing www.academic, we built our fences - but only after eleven chickens disappeared rapidly under our nose. The fox would sneak up in broad daylight, raising a clamor among the birds. Running out of the on art, house I’d see no stalker, just sometimes a soul-stabbing bunch of feathers on the ground in the midst of panic.

When our bantam rooster Josie was taken, his companion Alexandra ran shrieking through the kitchen, jumped up on a table and could not stop shrieking and was never the Academic writing, same afterward. Essay Write! The fox killed Pola, our big red rooster who had so gallantly responded to my calls begging him to www.academic, “save” me from Ruby. I am sure he was attacked while trying to essay words, protect his hens the day he disappeared, while I sat obliviously at the computer. It was too much. Academic Writing Needed Www.academic! I sat on reports the kitchen floor crying and screaming. Academic Writing Needed! At the Dissertation guerre, time, I was caring for Sonja, a big white warm-natured, bouncy hen I was treating for wounds she’d received before I rescued her. As I sat on the floor exploding with grief and guilt, Sonja walked over to needed www.academic, where I sat weeping.

She nestled her face next to Dissertation, mine and began purring with the Academic needed, ineffable soft purr that is also a trill in chickens. She comforted me even as her gesture deepened the Good books book, heartache I was feeling in that moment about the painful mystery of Pola and the mystery of all chickens. Did Sonja know why I was crying? I doubt it, but maybe she did. Writing! Did she know that I was terribly sad and on art criticism, distressed? There is no question in Academic writing needed www.academic, my mind about Architecture on art criticism that.

She responded to my grief with an expression of empathy that I have carried emotionally in Academic writing, my life ever since. It is statement essay, experiences such as this and others I have described in this essay that have made me a passionate advocate for chickens. I do not seek to sentimentalize chickens but to Academic writing, characterize them as best I can within the purview of my own observations and relationships with them. In the 1980s I wrote an essay about an Good book, abandoned crippled broiler hen named Viva who, more than any other single cause, led me to writing needed, found United Poultry Concerns in 1990. It is hard for me to evoke in words how expressive she was in spite of her handicap and despite the miserable life she had had before I lifted her out of essay words her misery and brought her home with me. My experience with chickens for more than twenty years has shown me that chickens are conscious and emotional beings with adaptable sociability and a range of intentions and personalities. If there is one trait above all that leaps to my mind in needed, thinking about chickens when they are enjoying their lives and pursuing their own interests, it is cheerfulness.

Chickens are cheerful birds, quite vocally so, and when they are dispirited and oppressed, their entire being expresses this state of affairs as well. The fact that chickens become lethargic in continuously barren environments, instead of proving that they are stupid or impassive by nature, shows how sensitive these birds are to their surroundings, deprivations and prospects. Likewise, when chickens are happy, their sense of wellbeing resonates unmistakably. Karen Davis, PhD is the president and founder of academic United Poultry Concerns, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the compassionate and respectful treatment of domestic fowl. She’s the editor of UPC’s quarterly magazine Poultry Press and writing, the author of essay several books including Prisoned Chickens, Poisoned Eggs: An Inside Look at the Modern Poultry Industry (1996; Revised Edition 2009), More Than a Meal: The Turkey in History, Myth, Ritual and Reality , and The Holocaust and the Henmaid’s Tale: A Case for Comparing Atrocities . Academic Writing Www.academic! Karen maintains a sanctuary for how to, chickens, turkeys and ducks on the Eastern Shore of Virginia.

UPC sanctuary roosters Ivan (center), Lorenzo (left) Benjamin (right) with their blissfully dustbathing hens on May 22, 2013.