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anupam mittal resume The man behind Shaadi.com is Anupam Mittal, a 35-year-old businessman from Mumbai. Custom Code! He is write story young, hip and well-connected, judging by the picture of Paris Hilton holding a copy of his CD on his Facebook page. His Facebook wall is covered with congratulations for Custom writings code, being featured in a Dell, Inc. advertisement, now that he#8217;s an ambassador for the Indian side of their business. There are pictures of him at clubs and on red carpets. But, for someone who started the first-ever and most successful matrimonial site, he is, surprisingly, not married. #8220;Just because somebody isn#8217;t married, you cannot assume I haven#8217;t found my partner,#8221; Mittal notes. Homework Help Jiskha! #8220;I think it would be ironic if I was looking to get married.#8221; Mittal was on the marriage market at one point, over 12 years ago, when he had the idea for the website. Mittal had a brief encounter with a marriage broker, a person who carries #8220;bio-datas#8221;#8212;resumes for potential marriage matches#8212;in his bag and goes door-to-door attempting to coupon code make matches. The matchmaker gets paid if a match works out. The situation, Mittal says, made him curious: #8220;How many bio-datas can this man carry in his suitcase?

How many people can he visit in one month? Does this mean that this man's strength [the stronger he is, the more bio-datas he can carry] and his traveling abilities [the more people he visits, the better the , chances] will determine whom I marry? What if my soul mate is in Timbuktu? This guy cannot get there.#8221; Mittal#8217;s idea has grown into a 400-person company that boasts over 200 million page views a month and writings coupon code, a huge slice of the $10 billion matrimonial industry market. Also, the company may have shifted the Assignment essay, responsibility and power of matchmaking from parents to their children, as more and more people put their own profiles up on Shaadi.com looking for a mate. #8220;Parents [once] chose somebody and their child married them without objecting. Now it#8217;s a decision that the parent and the child make together,#8221; Mittal says. #8220;There#8217;s no question about it that there#8217;s more and more people in Custom writings India that want to Creative writing high school exercise a certain level of influence on the decision of their lives.#8221; For those who are too ashamed to admit they are on Shaadi.com, Mittal throws out this fact: 150 million people in the U.S. use online dating sites. #8220;In fact the Custom writings coupon code, people not using [online dating sites] has become smaller than those that do,#8221; he quips. The U.S. is Shaadi.com#8217;s biggest market because there has always been a strong need to connect South Asians who are often in isolated communities to each other. Shaadi.com manages to continue doing well despite the economic downturn worldwide because, according to Mittal, people are always looking for Creative assignment school, someone.

Richard*, a resident pathologist, works the Custom writings coupon code, overnight shift at LaGuardia Hospital in Queens. He spends nights testing batches of Homework help jiskha blood needed for transfusions, but during the Custom coupon code, day #8212; when he#8217;s awake #8212; he devotes time, energy and money to his second job: finding the Essays for child, one . The Caribbean-born and Custom writings coupon code, raised Indian doesn#8217;t look for her in bars or at meetup groups. ! He looks for her online, in the digital club that is Custom coupon Shaadi.com. Writing! Shaadi.com works a bit like American dating sites. First, a user creates an anonymous profile with a picture of him or herself and only a screen name for identification. Some have screen names like Readytomarryat27, Reddy4More, GoodTimeAssured28, JustLooking_0282 and Custom coupon code, Somebody_Stop_Me. Richard#8217;s screen name is subzero80, for his love of a Mortal Kombat character with the same name and the year he was born. Writing High! This also signals that time is running out for Richard, who turns 29 in coupon code March. #8220;A few nights ago, I woke up sweating and I was like, #8216;Damn I#8217;m turning old. By 30, I have to Homework help find someone, seriously,#8217;#8221; he says.

This is why Richard is increasing his odds by using not one but three sites to writings try to find his wife. He created similar profiles on Yahoo Personals and , Match.com. #8220;Everything is a game of Custom coupon numbers,#8221; Richard claims. #8220;The more responses you send out, the Essays for child, more replies you get, the greater the pool you have to choose from.#8221; The differences between his Shaadi.com and Yahoo Personals profiles aren#8217;t immediately apparent at first. It#8217;s not that Richard has different responses on the different profiles, it#8217;s that the profiles ask for different things. Both Shaadi.com and Yahoo Personals ask questions about age, height, weight, smoking habits, drinking habits, body type, education, occupation and income level. Yahoo Personals asks whether you have children, but Shaadi.com doesn#8217;t venture into that territory.

Two years ago, a website called SecondShaadi.com was launched specifically for people who are divorced, and these profiles ask about children. Match.com asks questions about what you do for fun, favorite places, the last thing you read, etc. But the biggest difference between Shaadi.com and the others is family. Shaadi.com asks questions about code, what your family does, how many siblings you have and if any of them are married. Unlike some single people whose parents put their profiles on on homework, the site, Richard has put his profile up himself. He mostly looks at women who are in the area, and the first thing he looks at #8212; like most people #8212; is their pictures.

He knows precisely what he#8217;s looking for Custom writings, in a woman. #8220;Preity Zinta,#8221; he says, referring to the fair-skinned, deeply-dimpled Bollywood film star. #8220;She is a gold standard of an attractive woman or of what an attractive woman should be.#8221; Part of the appeal of Zinta is her fair skin #8212; considered more beautiful than darker skin in many South Asian cultures. The South Asian obsession with being pale has spawned an Assignment help essay saving francesca, entire industry of writings coupon code products. Ponds, famous for its moisturizers and writing high, cold creams, released a product in writings code 2008 to Get help zeus capitalize on the South Asian desire for lighter skin: a lightening cream called White Beauty. It even released an episodic chain of writings coupon code ads featuring a #8220;dark#8221; South Asian woman who gets left by her boyfriend for a pale skinned woman, only to win him back after using White Beauty. Richard thinks there are deeply rooted reasons for this complexion complex and why males tend to be attracted to a woman with lighter skin. #8220;I think because she was lighter than the rest of them, you are in awe,#8221; he said. #8220;The colonial deeds have left a psychological scar in the minds of those who are dark. They were the power base back then.#8221; This complexion-consciousness is a scientific paper methods section reflected on Custom code, Shaadi.com. The fifth question you#8217;re required to help hotline jiskha fill in is about your complexion.

You#8217;re either #8220;very fair,#8221; #8220;fair,#8221; #8220;wheatish,#8221; #8220;wheatish medium,#8221; #8220;wheatish brown#8221; or #8220;dark.#8221; Neither Richard nor others interviewed could exactly pinpoint what #8220;wheatish#8221; means. Photo by Camilo Morales. While Preity Zinta is likely not on Custom, a matrimonial site, Richard does peruse face after face until he finds one that he likes. You can #8220;express interest#8221; with the hit of a button, sometimes adding a message to try to help essay saving start up a conversation with someone. Custom Coupon Code! But with Shaadi.com, you can see more than face value. Richard#8217;s profile, for example, shows that he has never been married, makes between $50,000 and $75,000 a year and has two brothers and two sisters, one of whom is married. For the average Shaadi.com user, these tidbits are not mere details but are far more important than the type of music he listens to. Even with so much of Get help his personal information on display, Richard manages to Custom coupon code hang onto his anonymity, to the point where he#8217;s been able to cut off a handful of prospective candidates. #8220;I got off [Shaadi.com] because the number of candidates were building up,#8221; says Richard. #8220;It was becoming too much of a burden to communicate with five women. I lost one here, I lost another one there.

I was off for writings coupon code, about six months.#8221; It#8217;s not uncommon for write short story, people to Custom writings get on and off of Shaadi.com. Twenty-nine-year-old Sameer is taking his second shot at trying to find someone. Sameer was first on Custom coupon code, Shaadi.com in 2006, when he started conversing with a woman his age through the , site#8217;s matrimonial messenger, an instant messaging service. After a few weeks of talking on the phone, Sameer decided to fly to Canada to meet her. Custom Coupon! #8220;I would get a hotel,#8221; he says. #8220;She would keep me [a secret].#8221; Unlike the way many South Asian marriages operate, neither he nor she #8212; who lived with her parents #8212; informed their parents that they were interested in Writing methods section and materials each other. #8220;We kept the parents out of it until we knew that we were going to go forward with it.#8221; However, many parents do #8220;broker#8221; some of the matches, even posting profiles for coupon, their sons or daughters without telling them.

After getting responses and doing #8220;background checks#8221; #8212; calling friends to see if they know about prospective candidates#8217; backgrounds #8212; parents offer a short list of eligible candidates and let their children choose. Sameer says he has received interest from girls#8217; parents in the past, but he won#8217;t talk to Creative assignment high them. #8220;Why would I talk to their parents?#8221; Sameer adds, #8220;I#8217;ll talk to their parents in Custom writings coupon time if things start clicking.#8221; Sameer fell in love after just weeks of talking to the girl from Canada, and two months after they started talking, they were engaged. They had a big wedding in Canada three months later. After getting married, though, they fought. #8220;She just didn#8217;t understand what a marriage was, in my opinion,#8221; Sameer says. #8220;Stuff like respecting my parents and demanding a lot of stuff. She didn#8217;t want to work things out in a scientific paper methods an adult fashion.#8221; Perhaps he might have known some of these things about his now ex-wife if he#8217;d gotten to know her for longer, he admits. It#8217;s something that he will do differently this time around. Custom Coupon! #8220;My speculation is that she wanted to get out writings coupon code, [of] her parents#8217; house,#8221; claims Sameer. Although his divorce is in the past, it#8217;s still emblazoned at the top of his profile, probably causing half of the girls he contacts to reject him, he speculates. #8220;It still hurts me that I#8217;m divorced,#8221; Sameer says. #8220;I still joke I#8217;m damaged goods now. Hotline Jiskha! I#8217;m blacklisted.#8221; Looking back, Sameer now sees some red flags he missed when he first decided to marry his ex. Writings Coupon! #8220;She was trying to write story below push my family and me to have a court wedding in Raleigh and coupon, then we#8217;d go back to Canada.

Now that I think about Help short story below, it, that#8217;s a warning sign.#8221; He realized that her desire to skip a big wedding and Custom writings coupon code, get married might have been a sign that she mainly wanted to get married to become a U.S. citizen. Feeling duped that his ex now has a green card, he has told his parents that the women he will consider must meet one requirement: they must have a U.S. passport. Having been raised in Ohio, Sameer hopes his next #8212; and hopefully last #8212; wife will have the Creative writing assignment high school, same background as him: Indian and raised in America. #8220;The girls in India #8212; I don#8217;t want to have to teach them the American value system and Custom coupon code, blah, blah, blah,#8221; Sameer states. And even though he faces more and high, more rejection from girls#8217; families who want their daughters to writings marry men who are #8220;pure,#8221; Sameer thinks online rejection is Writing paper methods section preferable to being rejected in person at a bar or a party. #8220;I look at it like you have your resume out there on Custom writings code, Monster [the job-seeking website],#8221; Sameer says. #8220;You keep it out there, and if an Get help on homework zeus, employer likes you they#8217;ll contact you.#8221; If you didn't catch part I, click here. Part III will be in next month#8217;s issue of ABCDlady. * Individual interviewed with us on the condition of Custom writings anonymity. Writing Assignment School! Sonia Moghe is getting her Master's at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.

She lives in New York City and works as a television reporter.

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One War, Many Reasons: The US Invasion of Iraq. Iraq has been the focus of the international community and has been featured prominently in the media in recent times, as the radical Islamist group known as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has dramatically increased its power and Custom writings, influence in Writing the region in the latter half of 2014. The political turmoil and drastically deteriorated security environment, which characterises modern day Iraq, can be traced back to the United States (US) invasion of that country and ISIS, which has recently emerged in Iraq and Syria, in the insurgency against the resultant US occupation, back then in the form of al-Qaeda in Iraq. But why did the US invade and occupy Iraq in Custom coupon the first place? To this day, there is a divisive debate about what the Bush administration’s motives were, with the write short below most likely explanation being a combination of all of the reasons offered.

What must also be considered is that the events leading up to the 2003 invasion only go half way to explain why the US chose to launch this campaign, and in order to understand the complex and multidimensional factors contributing to the Bush administration’s decision to invade Iraq, one must go back further and examine pre 9/11 US policy. Writings! Likewise, the official and publically stated reasons for military action only go some way to explain the writing invasion, and Custom code, one must look at the unofficial factors and Creative, goals which were determinants of equal importance. The immediate considerations behind the invasion of Iraq were characterized by concerns brought to writings coupon code, the forefront by the events of September 11 th 2001, namely global terrorism, and more importantly, the weapons at its disposal in a new era of transnational asymmetrical war waged by non-state actors. As President George W. Bush made it clear in his State of the Union on January 29 th 2002, in meeting this challenge, the US would not differentiate between terrorist groups and nations which harbour or arm them (Bush, 2002). This policy led to the invasion of Afghanistan, motivated by the need to remove al-Qaeda’s safe haven and writings coupon code, training ground. Iraq did not specifically harbour al-Qaeda, but it had provided training camps and other support to terrorist groups fighting the paper section and materials government of Turkey and Iran, as well as hard-line Palestinian groups. In fact, “the question of Iraq’s link to terrorism grew more urgent with Saddam’s suspected determination to Custom writings coupon code, develop weapons of mass destruction (WMD), which Bush administration officials feared he might share with terrorists who could launch devastating attacks against writings, the United States” (Council on Foreign Relations, 2005). Nonetheless, the official reason that the US cited for launching the invasion was exemplified by Colin Powell’s statement to the United Nations on February 5 th 2003 (Washington Post, 2005).

However, the unofficial reasons why the US led the Invasion of Iraq in 2003 are equally important. The main unofficial consideration was that removing Saddam Hussein would be a demonstration of US military might against a visible enemy, a demonstration which hawkish elements within the Bush administration and the military establishment considered necessary to deter others and to dispel any appearance of weakness following 9/11 (Karon, 2011). Help Hotline! This consideration is motivated by Realism, and, according to for child labor, Daniel Lieberfeld’s explanatory perspectives on the Iraq Invasion, was meant to “maintain unipolarity, maintain hegemony and avoid post-9/11 decline by demonstrating U.S. willingness to use force” (Lieberfeld, 2005). The fact that Iraq has the world’s second largest reserves of oil can also not be overlooked. Custom Coupon Code! Although major critics of the war such as the political scholars Paul Pillar, Stephen Walt, and John Mearsheimer generally disagree that the war was about oil, Pillar did state that “Iraq’s oil resources are part of what makes it an important and influential state in the Middle East, and thus one where it was hoped that change would serve as a catalyst for change elsewhere in on homework the region” (Pillar, 2008). The Bush administration hoped that removing Saddam Hussein would result in a domino effect, where all regimes in the greater Middle East hostile to Custom coupon code, the US and , its interests in the region would be intimidated into cooperation, or toppled by their populations following the example the Custom writings coupon US had set freeing the hotline Iraqi people (Gauss III, 2009). Saddam Hussein’s Iraq was considered the perfect country to be made an example of as animosity between the Custom writings code US and Saddam Hussein went back many decades, and removing him was considered unfinished business by many senior Neo-conservatives in the Bush administration such as Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Vice President Dick Cheney (Manne, 2004). Thus, this essay aims to Writing a scientific paper methods section and materials, examine both the immediate and official reasons why the Custom writings coupon US led the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the unofficial goals of this campaign, as well as other contributing considerations which had been present long before 9/11. Iraq as a State Sponsor of Terrorism. The al-Qaeda attacks on New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania graphically brought home the dangers of international terrorism to the United States.

To combat this threat, the Writing a scientific paper methods US embarked on the global War on Terror, reassigning terrorism from a law enforcement issue to a military issue warranting aggressive counterattack. This was due to the realisation that: Non-state and clandestinely state sponsored groups now [had] the ability and willingness to employ means of mass destruction [which] has dictated the recognition that States no longer [had] a monopoly on war. Therefore, it [had] become appropriate to use war powers against writings code, foreign terrorist organizations (Terwilliger, 2005). Although al-Qaeda was the Get help zeus prime target, any organisation deemed to be a terrorist organisation would also be targeted.

The term “War on Terror” originated from Custom writings coupon President George W. Bush’s 2002 State of the Union, in which he made clear that the US would not only combat terrorist organisations aggressively, but also any country deemed to be training, equipping or supporting them (Bush, 2002). In his words, “States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, aiming to threaten the peace of the world” (Bush, 2002). The speech went on to say that “Iraq continues to short, flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror” (Bush, 2002), a statement which clearly identifies Iraq as a sponsor of terrorism, and therefore a prime target and central front in the War on Terror. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, otherwise known as the 9/11 Commission, which was set up in the wake of the September 11 th attacks, dealt extensively with the issue of Iraq’s support of terrorism. During its third public hearing, it interviewed Judith S. Yaphe, a Distinguished Research Fellow for the Middle East in the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS). Creative Writing Assignment School! On July 9 th 2003, she stated that “my testimony focuses on the role and actions of Iraq as a state sponsor of terrorism under the control of Saddam Husayn. Iraq under Saddam was a major state sponsor of international terrorism” (Yaphe, 2003). She went on to say: Baghdad actively sponsored terrorist groups, providing safe haven, training, arms, and logistical support, requiring in exchange that the groups carry out operations ordered by Baghdad for Saddam’s objectives. Essays For Child! Terrorist groups were not permitted to have offices, recruitment, or training facilities or freely use territory under the regime’s direct control without explicit permission from Saddam. Saddam used foreign terrorist groups as an coupon code, instrument of foreign policy.

Groups hosted by Saddam were denied protection if he wanted to Custom coupon code, improve relations with a neighbouring country and encouraged to short story below, attack those Saddam wanted to pressure. If they refused Saddam’s “requests,” they were exiled from Iraq (Yaphe, 2003). Although these statements were made after the writings invasion of Iraq had begun on March 19, and, therefore, cannot be considered to labor, have contributed to the Bush administration’s decision to launch it, they do, nonetheless, reveal one camp of opinion within the US intelligence community. “Before joining the INSS in 1995, Dr. Yaphe served for 20 years as a senior analyst on Near East Persian Gulf issues in the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, Directorate of Intelligence, CIA” (Saudi-US Relations Information Service, date unknown). However, there have also been a multitude of reports which state that there were no verified links between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, and that he saw the group as a threat, not as an ally (Katzman, 2004). There was a desire by some elements within the coupon code Bush administration to link Saddam Hussein’s Iraq to al-Qaeda no matter what, in Homework help hotline order to justify the invasion they had already decided on (Gellmann, 2004).

Right before Colin Powell gave his speech to the United Nations (UN), “Cheney’s office made one last-ditch effort to persuade Powell to link Saddam and al-Qaeda” (Burrough et al, 2004). Whether or not Saddam Hussein had links to al-Qaeda, he did have links to other terrorist groups which he tolerated on Iraqi soil and even trained, equipped, and writings coupon code, supported. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, they are: Primarily groups that could hurt Saddam’s regional foes. Writing Assignment High! Saddam has aided the Iranian dissident group Mujahadeen-e-Khalq and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Custom writings coupon code Turkish government. Help Story Below! Moreover, Iraq has hosted several Palestinian splinter groups that oppose peace with Israel, including the mercenary Abu Nidal Organization, whose leader, Abu Nidal, was found dead in Baghdad in August 2002. Writings! Iraq has also supported the Islamist Hamas movement and reportedly channelled money to Get help on homework zeus, the families of Palestinian suicide bombers (Council on Foreign Relations, 2005). Israel, a staunch US ally also fighting terrorism, which in the view of many in Creative writing school the Bush administration was being sponsored and supported by Saddam Hussein, was no doubt also a consideration (Weber, 2008). In this newly militarised anti-terrorism campaign which the US was embarking on in response to 9/11, Iraq was simply too tempting a target for striking the next blow in the War on Terror after the unsatisfying victory in Afghanistan (Gainsville Sun, 2002). Custom Writings! Its past links to terrorist organisations alone sufficed, but it was also suspected of possessing weapons of mass destruction and the ability to Get help on homework zeus, manufacture them. Weapons of Mass Destruction.

In his 2002 State of the Union which laid out US strategy, President Bush stated: The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax and nerve gas and nuclear weapons for over a decade. This is a regime that has already used poison gas to murder thousands of its own citizens, leaving the bodies of mothers huddled over paper methods and materials, their dead children. This is a regime that agreed to international inspections then kicked out the inspectors. This is a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world (Bush, 2002). The attacks of 9/11 demonstrated that the US was vulnerable and that a large scale attack by a non-state terrorist organisation was possible.

It also demonstrated that these organisations had the will to cause as much death and destruction as possible and did not have any scruples about Assignment help essay saving francesca, inflicting casualties on civilians or were prepared to follow rules of war accepted by most nation states to some degree or other. It, therefore, followed that groups such as these would try to acquire weapons as destructive as possible, which in the modern world was no longer as difficult or unthinkable as it once was. During the Cold War era, only Help short nation states possessed the coupon code capability to inflict large scale damage, but in the post Cold War world, with the democratization of technology, small groups of people not bound to any specific state could inflict catastrophic damage (Tschirgi, 2007). The emphasis, therefore, was no longer on these groups alone, but also on their possible sponsors. Custom Writings! At the top of this list were countries which had grievances with the United States, had links to terrorist organisations, were located in Creative assignment high school the Muslim Middle East, had WMD or the coupon ability to , manufacture them, and Custom, had used them in the past. The one country which stood out more than most was Iraq. “Iraq’s history with chemical, biological and nuclear weapons is a long and winding path that eventually ended in the American invasion of the country” (Wright and paper methods section, Hopper, 2005). On June 7 th 1981, Israeli warplanes launched a surprise attack on the French built Osirak nuclear reactor near Baghdad by claiming that Iraq was building a nuclear weapon which it could use against writing school, Israel (Wright and writings coupon code, Hopper, 2005).

Iraq denied that the nuclear reactor was used for anything but peaceful purposes. In 1983, Iraq used chemical weapons in Creative writing its war with Iran, which lasted from 1980 to Custom writings code, 1988. Iraqi forces deployed Mustard gas and the nerve agent Tabun (Wright and Hopper, 2005). In 1988, Saddam Hussein ordered a chemical attack on the town of Halabja during his campaign to put down a Kurdish rebellion (Wright and Hopper, 2005). On April 3 rd 1991, after Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait following the first gulf war, “the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) passed its first resolution addressing Weapons of Mass Destruction in Iraq. Resolution 687 stated that Iraq must destroy its presumed stockpile of WMD, and the means to produce them” (Wright and short, Hopper, 2005).Although Iraq destroyed its WMD equipment, UN inspections were consistently hampered. On October 11 th 1991, the UNSC passed resolution 715 stating that Iraq must “accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission” (Wright and Hopper, 2005). In May 1992, Iraq admitted it had so called “defensive” biological weapons, the destruction of which was halted when UN inspectors were denied access to Iraq’s Ministry of Agriculture (Wright and Hopper, 2005).On August 8th 1995, “Hussein Kamel, the former director of Iraq’s Military Industrialization Corporation, responsible for all WMD programmes, defected to Jordan.

As a result, Iraq admitted to Essays for child, a far more developed biological weapons programme than it had previously disclosed” (Wright and Hopper, 2005). In June 1997, in another effort to end Iraq’s interference with UN inspections, the UNSC passed resolution 1115, and by the end of the year, the diplomatic stalemate forced the section and materials UN to withdraw most of its personnel from the country (Wright and Hopper, 2005). On December 16th 1998, a four day air campaign by the US began “to strike military and security targets in Iraq that contributed to for child, Iraq’s ability to produce, store, maintain and deliver weapons of mass destruction” (Wright and Hopper, 2005). This US campaign was known as Operation Dessert Fox and was considered to have finished off what was left of Iraq’s WMD Infrastructure (Wright and Hopper, 2005). Finally, on November 8th 2002, UN resolution 1441 claimed that Iraq was still in material breach of other UN resolutions and gave Saddam one more chance to comply (Wright and Hopper, 2005).

Weapons inspectors re-entered the country and, although they did not find any WMD, the US maintained that Saddam was hiding them and covering up an Custom code, active programme to produce them. During this time, the US was gearing up for war, as it viewed, officially at least, the threat that Iraq’s weapons programme posed as unacceptable in the post 9/11 world. Another possible consideration was now that the US had proved that it had the will to go to war by invading Afghanistan, Iraq, and other countries that were a part of the “Axis of Evil,” they would normally not associate with as an insurance policy in case the US invaded (Soderblom, 2004). This meant that the US would need to strike soon, before hostile regimes had time and opportunity to make such arrangements or instigate programmes to manufacture these weapons. As it turned out, no WMD were ever found, but that does not necessarily mean that their potential existence did not warrant the invasion.

Bush administration officials argued a “better safe than sorry” policy and pointed to Saddam’s continued non-cooperation with the UN inspection teams as well as the nebulous nature of Iraq’s WMD programme as legitimising US military action. Detractors of this stance argue that even if the Bush administration did not outright lie about Iraq’s WMD programme, it at the very least massively inflated its dimensions, sophistication, and threat level in order to justify the war. The most outspoken critics of the Creative Bush administration claimed that the Iraq War was about oil, citing administration officials’ statements to that effect (Wright, 2003). According to Noam Chomsky, the deals taking shape between Iraq’s Oil Ministry and Custom writings code, Western oil companies also: Raises critical questions about the nature of the US invasion and occupation of Iraq — questions that should certainly be addressed by presidential candidates and seriously discussed in the United States, and Custom writings, of course in occupied Iraq, where it appears that the population has little if any role in determining the Creative writing high future of their country (Chomsky, 2008). Although it is unlikely that oil was not also a consideration, there is no denying that the issue of weapons of mass destruction was central to the US led invasion of Iraq. Another reason why the US led the invasion of Iraq in 2003 was that it presented a visible enemy. The US invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001 had led to the rapid collapse of the Taliban regime and the remainder of its fighters along with al-Qaeda had retreated into the tribal areas bordering Pakistan. A lot of the fighting had been done by the Northern Alliance, an indigenous anti-Taliban militia in Afghanistan, backed by US airstrikes. US Special Forces and then US ground forces did enter Afghanistan and fought the Taliban and al-Qaeda, notably during Operation Anaconda in March 2002 (Naylor, 2006), but it was not the awe inspiring hammer blow which the US wanted to demonstrate its power. “Instead, Pentagon planners began shifting military and intelligence resources away from Afghanistan in the direction of Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, which was increasingly mentioned as a chief U.S. threat in code the war on terror” (Council on Foreign Relations, 2002). Iraq presented a much better arena to show the world the extent of the US’ military supremacy.

Iraq also possessed a proper traditional army, which could be defeated more conventionally bringing the full spectrum of US dominance to bear in a campaign of “Shock and Awe” (CNN, 2003). This campaign was intended to show that: The military posture and capability of the United States of America are, today, dominant. Simply put, there is no external adversary in the world that can successfully challenge the extraordinary power of the Custom writings coupon code American military in either regional conflict or in “conventional” war as we know it once the Creative writing school United States makes the commitment to take whatever action may be needed (Ullmann et al, 1996). For the US, the defeat of the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan showed it would live up to its policy brought into being by President Bush’s State of the Union, but it was not an ample example of the punishment that rogue states which were a part of the Custom writings code Axis of Evil could expect to receive. Some argue that this exceeded the appropriate level of military necessity.

According to coupon code, Henry Michaels, “purely military considerations cannot explain such savagery. Bush’s war plans are driven by political aims—to terrorize and demoralize the Iraqi people and the Arab masses and send a message of violence and intimidation to the entire world” (Michaels, 2003). In general, however, it is accepted that the US army has largely kept to paper methods section and materials, the principles of distinction and proportionality in Iraq (Powers, date unknown), with some notable exceptions such as the Abu Ghraib incident and the Haditha killings. Another reason why Iraq was chosen for this demonstration was that Saddam Hussein was known internationally as a brutal dictator and, therefore, removing him would most likely not meet with as much international resistance than if the US invaded a less unsavoury regime in the region. This, combined with Iraq’s history of flaunting UN resolutions regarding WMD, and Writing a scientific and materials, their use in coupon both war against Iran and repression of rebellion at Get help on homework home, added to Custom writings, making it an appropriate target and next front in the War on Terror. There was also a history of conflict between Iraq and the US. The US led the first invasion of Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War, which was backed by the UN (Lewis, 1991). Help Write! This came about when Iraq invaded Kuwait and refused to writings, pull out despite UN resolution 678, which authorized all member states “to use all necessary means” to “bring Iraq into compliance with previous Security Council resolutions if it did not do so by 15 January 1991” (Council on Foreign Relations, 1990). Operation Dessert Fox was another example of US action against Iraq, approved by the UN and overall international opinion. Custom Writings Code! There were, therefore, many reasons why the help essay francesca US assumed it would be acceptable to invade Iraq now that WMD were on the top of the global agenda, which made the issue of Saddam Hussein’s Iraq more relevant than ever.

There was also the issue of a desire by senior US policymakers in Custom code government and senior officers within the military establishment to “finish off” Saddam Hussein’s regime once and for all, and many considered the war in Iraq as unfinished business left over from the first Gulf War (Gompert et al, 2014). Essays For Child! Senior officials in the Bush administration had, in fact, lobbied the Custom writings coupon government to invade Iraq before the 9/11 attacks ever took place (Lind, 2003). These officials were now in a position to on homework zeus, influence policy and saw the War on Terror as the opportunity to writings coupon, marry the help essay saving new US pre-emptive war policy with their agenda of toppling Saddam which they had been pushing on US administrations for years. Coupon Code! Among them were the Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld, the write Vice President Dick Cheney, and writings coupon code, the Deputy Defence Secretary Paul Wolfowitz. These officials were members of an organisation called the Project for the New American Century, which had lobbied government for years to invade Iraq, and even went so far as to send an Get help on homework zeus, open letter to former President Bill Clinton in 1998 urging him to do so (Palermo, 2011).

There is also the Creative assignment school issue that President George W. Bush was the son of President Bush senior who had invaded Iraq in the first Gulf War, and perhaps a quasi patrimonial desire to finish what his father had started was one of many factors which combined to motivate him act (Jassat, 2002). His own statement “after all, this is the guy who tried to kill my dad” (Bush, 2002, cited by King, 2002) suggest a personal motive, which, combined with a sense of national duty to protect the US and punish those responsible for 9/11, and writings, pressure from the more hawkish elements within the writing US military establishment, perhaps made him almost believe that this was destiny. Whatever the psychological and emotional factors influencing George W. Custom Writings Code! Bush were, which all human beings are subject to no matter how high their office, a large part of the Writing a scientific methods section US establishment sought a visible enemy to code, make an example of to deter others, hoping to start a domino effect in Essays labor the Middle East which would see one hostile regime after another fall, thereby initiating a self fulfilling victory in the War on Terror. The invasion of Iraq and Custom writings, its intended effects cannot be simply seen by themselves, but must be understood in the greater context. The US intended the invasion to not only topple Saddam Hussein and remove the threat of WMD production and diffusion, but also to bring democracy to a country in the centre of a region almost completely devoid of it. In his State of the Union, President Bush made it clear that he intended to bring democracy to the Middle East.

His doctrine at its core was that people who are free and zeus, prosperous do not fly airplanes into skyscrapers. Custom Writings! In his speech, he made his point that “all fathers and , mothers, in all societies, want their children to be educated and live free from poverty and violence. Writings Code! No people on earth yearn to be oppressed, or aspire to on homework zeus, servitude, or eagerly await the Custom code midnight knock of the secret police” (Bush, 2002). His policy in Iraq, derived from Wilsonianism (Bhansali, date unknown) and Manifest Destiny (Jones, 2014) was: Not merely to expunge the help hotline totalitarians there, but to ensure that they never return by reconstructing their societies along democratic lines. Authoritarianism (at least in the Middle East) is no longer acceptable.

The U.S. now proposes to liberate these nations from the captivity of their own unhappy traditions (Kesler, 2005). Once Iraq was a flourishing democracy prosperous from coupon massive oil revenues which would pay for reconstruction, it would become an example which other states, or at least their populations, would emulate. Hostile regimes in the region would find it harder and harder to paint the US in a negative light and to Essays, control and oppress their citizens. One regime after another would be toppled, supplanted by friendly governments representing grateful populations which would end in a stable, peaceful, and secure Middle East, constituting victory in the war on terror, safeguarding the United States, improving Israel’s security, and ensuring uninterrupted global access to oil reserves. According to The Telegraph’s Toby Harnden, “the creation of a democratic regime in Iraq ‘could fundamentally reshape’ the Custom coupon Middle East and essay, make it easier to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Colin Powell, the US Secretary of State, said yesterday [6 February 2003]” (Harnden, 2003). Custom Coupon! Powell stated, “I think there is also the possibility that success could fundamentally reshape that region in a powerful, positive way that will enhance US interests, especially if in the aftermath of such a conflict, we are also able to achieve progress on the Middle East peace” (Powel, 2003, cited by Harnden, 2003).

The US had in the past invaded, occupied and Creative high, transformed totalitarian regimes into democracies, notably Nazi Germany and Custom writings coupon, Imperial Japan, now firm allies. These were highly industrialised societies, however, in nations utterly destroyed in ruinous wars which had lasted years and then occupied for the better part of half a century. Whether this feat could be repeated in Iraq was a very open question. If this ambitious plan worked, however, it would undeniably have been a master stroke. There were democratic movements in other authoritarian countries in the region, such as Iran, Syria, and Lebanon. Iran was also a part of the Axis of Evil, but would be a much greater task to invade and defeat militarily (Walt, 2011). If the regime could be toppled from within, by a population wishing to Writing a scientific, enjoy the same freedoms the people of Iraq now enjoyed after Operation Iraqi Freedom, then the US could claim victory in three wars by fighting only two. Syria, which was seen as a proxy of Iran, could also succumb to pro democracy forces, and a democratic Lebanon, no longer run by the Muslim paramilitary group Hezbollah, would greatly increase Israel’s security. There is, therefore, no denying that if the Creative writing assignment Bush administration’s broader plan for Iraq succeeded, the Custom writings invasion would have been a worthwhile undertaking. Although the US has now withdrawn from Iraq, it could be argued that the Homework help hotline jiskha events known as the “Arab Spring” (Blight et al, 2012), which refers to democratic uprisings across the Arab world in 2011, are a spin off from the US campaigns to bring democracy to Afghanistan and Iraq.

Whether or not one shares that view, it is clear that the Bush administration had such an effect in mind as one of the possible positive effects when it invaded Iraq in 2003. This desire to spread democracy was a part of US policy for centuries and was one of the short below stated goals of President Franklin D. Writings! Roosevelt when he decided to jiskha, supply Britain against Nazi Germany. This policy eventually led to US involvement in World War Two and the defeat, occupation, and writings code, transformation of Germany from a dictatorship into a democracy. One could argue, therefore, that President Bush was applying a strategy which was ingrained in US policy and had worked for it in the past. Essays! In fact, one of the writings code countries it had transformed into a democracy, Japan, was now fighting on its side. Japanese “Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and his cabinet voted on December 9 to deploy Japan’s ground, air, and maritime self-defence forces (SDF) to participate in the US-led occupation of Iraq” (Conachy, 2003). The ambitious goal of transforming the Custom code Middle East was not the main stated goal of the US invasion, but it was no doubt one of the long term objectives of it. Rather than just fighting the symptom of terrorism and WMD proliferation, the US sought to Homework, address the root causes of this problem in Custom code its grand strategy. There were also strategic implications for a strong US military presence in Iraq, a country which has the world’s second largest oil reserves (O’Sullivan, 2011). These implications include: deterring Iran from interfering with its neighbours, being close to the Straits of Hormuz, ensuring this vital oil corridor remains open, keeping an eye on Pakistan, and Custom code, having a springboard for other possible invasions, notably Iran which the US accused of seeking to illicitly develop a nuclear weapon (Goldberg, 2012). This springboard that an occupied Iraq would present would enable the US to take military action to Help short below, stop Iran from writings coupon code achieving nuclear weapon status, something Israel says it will not tolerate (Hirschfeld, 2012).

The US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was the help saving culmination of a long series of events and Custom writings coupon, the product of many complex, different, and yet interrelated factors. In the first instance, it was a part of the Help write short story counterattack the US embarked on against terrorism in the wake of the 9/11 atrocities. Saddam Hussein’s links to Assignment help saving francesca, terrorist organisations in the past qualified Iraq as a state sponsor of terrorism and, therefore, a target under the criteria which George W. Bush set out when he announced the war on terror in his 2002 State of the Union. Once Afghanistan was invaded, the Taliban regime overthrown, and Essays for child labor, the remnants of al-Qaeda scattered, Iraq represented the next logical step in the War on Terror (Rotella, 2002). Although no direct links were ever found between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, despite feverish attempts to do so by Neo-conservatives in Creative writing assignment school the Bush administration, there was irrefutable proof of links to other terrorist networks which adhered to a similar ideology. The issue of Iraq’s possession of WMD, which had dragged on since the first Gulf War all the way through the 1990s, took on new significance in the post 9/11 security environment. Rather than being a problem of merely containing Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s WMD manufacturing capability now more than ever represented an existential threat to the US, and it led the invasion in Custom code order to remove this manufacturing base so it could not be used to arm terrorist groups, particularly al-Qaeda. The unofficial reasons why the Homework US led the invasion of Iraq in 2003 were the need to make an example and strike a massive blow demonstrating America’s unmatched military power. High School! Victory in Afghanistan was always a foregone conclusion, as it would not have taken any organised full spectrum military long to defeat the writings coupon code poorly equipped Taliban. Writing Paper Methods! Hawkish elements within the Bush administration and the military establishment sought to intimidate and deter any other nation from harbouring terrorists by waging a campaign of rapid dominance, thereby sending the clear signal that any country deemed a threat could be next, and could not hope to defend itself against writings, the might of the US army (Tisdall, 2003). There was also the belief, or hope, that invading Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein might set in motion a domino effect, where other hostile regimes in the Middle East would be forced to acquiesce to the US by their populations demanding the same democratic freedoms the liberated people of Iraq now enjoyed.

Although opinion is divided whether or not oil was the main motivation behind the Custom writings coupon invasion, it should be considered at least a factor. It could be said that the US led the invasion of Iraq in 2003 for reasons ranging from relatively small practical considerations stemming from 9/11, namely disrupting terrorist organisations and their potential arming with WMD by Saddam Hussein, to the far reaching strategic masterstrokes of an act of deterrence, controlling the Get help on homework zeus energy reserves of that country and transforming the entire Middle East (Toensing, 2007). Unwittingly, the desire to spread democracy in the Middle East led to the formation of ISIS from the insurgency against writing assignment high school, US occupation of Iraq, and the resultant Shia dominated democracy provided ISIS with a recruitment pool of alienated Sunnis. Furthermore, the heavy weaponry abandoned by the fleeing Iraqi army, much of which was provided to it by the US, has transformed ISIS into a pseudo army, and is being used to consolidate as well as increase its gains. Writings Coupon! Finally, the democratic revolution and resultant civil war in Get help on homework Syria to overthrow Basher al-Assad has established ISIS as the main rebel group and has led to Custom, the radicalisation of the once moderate opposition in that conflict.

Bhansali, Y., (no date). What is Wilsonianism? [online]. Blurtit, Available from: http://www.blurtit.com/q950347.html [Accessed 31/12/2014] CNN, (2003). “Shock and Awe” Campaign Underway in Iraq , [online]. Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2003/fyi/news/03/22/iraq.war/ [Accessed 31/12/2014]

Conachy, J., (2003). Koizumi Sends Japanese Troops to Iraq [online]. World Socialist Web Site, Available from: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/dec2003/japa-d16.shtml [Accessed 31/12/2014] Council on Foreign Relations, (1990). UN Security Council resolution 678, Iraq/Kuwait [online]. Available from: http://www.cfr.org/un/un-security-council-resolution-678-iraq-kuwait/p11205 [Accessed 31/12/2014] Council on Foreign Relations, (2002). U.S. War in Afghanistan – Tracking a war (1999-present) [online].

March 2002 – Mixed Signals, Available from: http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/us-war-afghanistan/p20018 [Accessed 31/12/2014] Council on Foreign Relations, (2005). Terrorism Havens: Iraq [online]. Available from: http://www.cfr.org/iraq/terrorism-havens-iraq/p9513 [Accessed 31/12/2014] Gause III, F. G., (2009). The Return of the Old Middle East: How to Custom writings, Win at Balance-of-Power Politics , [online]. Foreign Affairs, Available from:, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64844/f-gregory-gause-iii/the-return-of-the-old-middle-east [Accessed 31/12/2014] Gellmann, B., (2004). Aide’s Book Details Bush 9/11 Response: Fingers Pointed at Iraq, Clark Writes , [online]. Writing A Scientific Paper Methods And Materials! Washington Post, Available from: http://www.president-bush.com/bombiraq.html [Accessed 31/12/2014] Gompert D. C., et al, (2014).

The Iraq War, Bush’s Biggest Blunder [online]. Newsweek, Available from: www.newsweek.com/iraq-war-bushs-biggest-blunder-294411 [Accessed 31/12/2014] Hirschfeld, R., (2012). Krauthammer: Israel Will Not Tolerate Threats of Annihilation [online]. Israel National News, Available from: http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/152657#.T8oLMLD2a3l [Accessed 31/12/2014] Jassat, I., (2002). Gulf War II – Unfinished Business [online]. Media Monitors Network, Available from: http://www.mediamonitors.net/jasarat30.html [Accessed 31/12/2014] Jones, S., (2014).

American Manifest Destiny: A Historical Concept With Modern Foreign Policy Implications , [online]. About.com, US Foreign Policy, Available from: http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/introtoforeignpolicy/a/American-Manifest-Destiny.htm [Accessed 31/12/2014] Katzman, K., (2004). Iraq and Al-Qaeda: Allies or Not? [online]. Custom Writings Coupon Code! Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Available from: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/34715.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2014] Kesler, C. R., (2005). Democracy and the Bush Doctrine, Captive Nations, Real Clear Politics [online].

Available from: www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-1_26_05_CK.html [Accessed 31/12/1014] Lewis, P., (1991). War in the Gulf: The UN; US, and Homework hotline jiskha, Britain See U.N. Mandate to Maintain Curbs Against Iraq [online]. The New York Times, Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/22/world/war-gulf-un-us-britain-see-un-mandate-maintain-curbs-against-iraq.html [Accessed 31/12/2014] Lieberfeld, D., (2005).

Theories of Conflict and the Iraq War [online]. International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 10, Number 2, Autumn/Winter 2005, p. 2, Available from: http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol10_2/wLieberfeld10n2IJPS.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2014] Lind, M., (2003). How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington-and Launched a War [online]. Antiwar, Available from: www.antiwar.com/orig/lind1.html [Accessed 31/12/2014] Manne, R., (2004). Iraq Doomed Once Neo-cons Won White House Battle [online].

The Sydney Morning Herald, Available from: http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/05/30/1085855438591.html [Accessed 31/12/2014] Michaels, H., (2003). US Plans Shock and Awe Blitzkrieg in code Iraq [online]. World Socialist Website, Available from: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/jan2003/war-j30.shtml [Accessed 31/12/2014] Naylor, S., (2006).

Operation Anaconda [online]. Short Below! Security Studies Program Seminar, Available from: http://web.mit.edu/ssp/seminars/wed_archives06spring/Naylor.htm [Accessed 31/12/2014] O’Sullivan, M. L., (2011). Why US Troops Should Stay in Iraq [online]. Belfer Centre for Science and International Affairs, Available from: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21299/why_us_troops_should_stay_in_iraq.html [Accessed 31/12/2014]

Palermo, J. Custom Writings! A., (2011). John McCain and the Project for a New American Century [online]. Coupon! Huffington Post, Available from: www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-a-palermo/john-mccain-and-the-proje_b_107940.html [Accessed 31/12/2014] Pillar, P., (2008). Iraq Critics Reject Claim War Was For Oil [online]. The Stanford Review, Available from:, http://stanfordreview.org/article/iraq-critics-reject-claim-war-was-oil/ [Accessed 31/12/2014] Powers, R., (no date). Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) [online].

About, Available from: http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/wars/a/loac.htm [Accessed 31/12/2014] Rotella, S., (2002). Write Story Below! Allies Find No Links Between Iraq, Al Qaeda [online]. Los Angeles Times, Available from: http://articles.latimes.com/2002/nov/04/news/fgnoqaeda4 [Accessed 31/12/2014] Saudi-US Relations Information Service, (date unknown). Judith Yaphe [online]. Available from: www.susris.com/experts/judith-yaphe/ [Accessed 31/12/2014]

Soderblom, J. Coupon Code! D., (2004). Opening the Intelligence Window: Realist Logic and the Invasion of Iraq [online]. Perceptions, Summer 2004, p. 24, Available from: http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/JasonSoderblom.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2014] Terwilliger, G. J., et al (2005). The War on Terror: Law Enforcement or National Security? [online]. The Federalist Society for Law and Help short below, Public Policy Studies, Available from: http://www.fed-soc.org/publications/detail/the-war-on-terrorism-law-enforcement-or-national-security [Accessed 31/12/2014] Tisdall, S., (2003). Next Stop Tehran? With Iraq Beaten, the US is Now Playing the Same Dangerous WMD Game With Iran [online]. Writings! The Guardian, Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/may/27/iran.comment [Accessed 31/12/2014]

Toensing, C., (2007). Writing A Scientific Paper Methods Section And Materials! Regional Implications of the Iraq War , [online]. Foreign Policy in Focus, Middle East and North Africa, Available from: http://www.fpif.org/articles/regional_implications_of_the_iraq_war [Accessed 31/12/2014] Ullmann, H. et al, (1996) . Shock and Awe, Achieving Rapid Dominance [online]. National Defence University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, p. Xvii, Available from: http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Ullman_Shock.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2014] Washington Post, (2005). Powell calls pre-Iraq UN speech a “blot” on his record [online]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-09-08-powell-iraq_x.htm [Accessed 31/12/2014] Weber, M., (2008).

Iraq: A War for Israel [online]. Institute for Historical Review, Available from: http://www.ihr.org/leaflets/iraqwar.shtml [Accessed 31/12/2014] Wright, B. and Hopper D., (2005). Iraq WMD Timeline: How the Essays for child labor Mystery Unravelled [online]. Writings Code! NPR, Available from: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4996218 [Accessed 31/3/2014] Wright, G., (2003). Wolfowitz: Iraq War Was About Oil , [online]. The Guardian Unlimited, Available from: http://whatreallyhappened.com/WRHARTICLES/aboutoil.htm [Accessed 31/12/2014] Yaphe, J., (2003). Statement to the 9/11 Commission [online].

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Available from: http://www.9-11commission.gov/hearings/hearing3/witness_yaphe.htm [Accessed 31/12/2014] Written by: Markus Nikolas Heinrich. Written at: University of Leicester. Written for: Helen Dexter. All content on the website is published under the following Creative Commons License. Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to write short story, support open access publishing. E-IR is an independent non-profit publisher run by an all volunteer team. Your donations allow us to invest in new open access titles and pay our bandwidth bills to ensure we keep our existing titles free to view. Any amount, in any currency, is appreciated. Many thanks!

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Most didn’t. Some were confused by the shipwrecked noblewoman Viola and her motives in Help write short disguising herself as a servant. “He’s rich, so why is she trying to hide?” one student asked, befuddled. Another hypothesized: “I think she’s interested in him.” When Dr. Cutts reviewed a plot point toward the end, one girl scolded him: “spoiler alert.”

Less lighthearted was seminar, which on this day involved mulling over a densely written essay by the Marxist political theorist Fredric Jameson on the meaning of self in a postmodern world. Reading aloud a 2006 article in The Economist titled “Post-Modernism Is the New Black,” one student stumbled over “facade,” “anachronistic” and “grandeur” — words that would seem fair game for late high school. Another student wanted to know: “What’s a phenomenon?” One inquired about the meaning of Custom writings code, “sinister.” The article cited Auschwitz as an example of how the Enlightenment had “given birth” to high, totalitarianism. Not one of the 10 students knew what Auschwitz was.

Debate ensued over whether it was a city in Switzerland, Russia or Poland. Their professor finally interjected: “It’s usually used as the big example of the Holocaust.” In similar classes in Bard’s New York schools, students’ vocabulary, communication skills and historical knowledge appear noticeably more advanced. During a recent discussion in the Manhattan school on punishments doled out in the ninth and tenth pouches of Dante’s Inferno, one student said she thought the physical torture was “consistent with the logic of the story.” “Their souls do inhabit a form,” she mused. “They do have an underworld body. He even describes the shape of their tear glands.” Another student disagreed, pointing to the way the sinners who had split with the Catholic Church were being split open with swords. Writings Coupon Code? “I think this is a scientific really about metaphorical pain,” she said confidently. “It’s not literal.” The disparity raises an uncomfortable question. Can students who are so behind be brought up to college level in a few efficient years, even with good teachers and good intentions? Meandering through the bustling hallways of the Newark school one day this winter, waving at students as they passed, Lori Ween, dean of studies and writings code faculty in English, was hopeful but frank: “We tell our students whatever happened before this, this is where you are now.” Still, she acknowledges, it has turned out to be harder than many of the students expected. This is in part because Newark’s most promising high school students flee for better districts, although officials say that as Bard’s reputation grows, they expect more will stay.

So far, the school has lost 7 of the 36 students who entered in 2011 as first-year college students and 20 of the 87 who entered as high school freshmen. Najee has repeated one class. Both Miles and Billy have repeated several. More than half the class had to repeat one of the required seminars in Homework help jiskha a monthlong intensive at the end of the last school year. A “free” period that had always been used as a study period at the other Bard high schools needed to be renamed “enrichment period” to signal it was intended for work. Dr. Ween says students come to school with problems that can easily derail them. One sophomore, after a few days off, announced that her father had been murdered, shot seven times. Writings Coupon? Another complained that she had been in for child a hospital room all weekend. Custom Coupon Code? When Dr. Ween asked if she was sick, she responded, “No, my boyfriend was shot.” Another is his younger brother’s primary caretaker, making him dinner and Assignment francesca getting him ready for school.

“When you hear these stories, it’s really easy to say, ‘Take a break,’ ” Dr. Custom Code? Ween said. But she resists. Her students, she said, need to be supported, but not let off the help essay francesca hook from writings coupon code schoolwork. Taken as a group, early college high schools place a premium on teaching rudimentary study skills — how to take notes, how to high school, interact with professors, where the best spot is to sit in a classroom. But the greatest emphasis is on thinking. Students are encouraged to see themselves as participants in an academic world, and as interested in gaining knowledge as in getting good grades. Dr. Ween calls it “joining the debate.” The students at Custom coupon Duplin Early College High School in eastern North Carolina take an applied math class in which they learn about velocity and graphing by building roller coasters out of wire, piping and masking tape.

Then they are asked to defend the project. At the Dayton Early College Academy in Ohio, students learn about constitutional law in mock trials. Coupon? And at Bard, in an environmental science class, students read articles about the effect biofuel is having on corn prices and debate the merits of renewable energy. “You cannot pull off an Get help early college high school successfully without fundamentally changing pedagogy,” said Joel Vargas, vice president of Jobs for the Future, a nonprofit organization based in Custom writings coupon Boston that develops early college high schools. He calls it the opposite of “chalk and talk.” The model reverses ideas about how to Homework hotline, best serve students whose parents haven’t gone to Custom writings coupon code, college. Gone is knee-jerk vocational tracking. Gone is the thinking that students must master all the basics before taking on more challenging work. “Traditionally, what has happened is that kids who come in below standards are put in a remedial track and they do addition and subtraction over and over again,” said Cecilia Cunningham, executive director of the Get help on homework zeus Middle College National Consortium, a network of more than 30 early college high schools. “They’re bored out of their minds and the message is: ‘You really can’t do this.’ ” Studies show that high school students who take classes in which they get both college and high school credit — often referred to writings, as dual-credit courses — fare better academically. According to writing high school, Jobs for the Future, which is behind 246 early college high schools, 76 percent of its 2011-12 graduates have enrolled in college. A study last year of more than 30,000 Texas high school graduates found that those who took college-level classes in high school were more likely to code, have finished college after six years.

Studies showing such attainment, however, aren’t able to determine if it is the type of students drawn to college-level coursework that makes the difference. And Materials? And no long-term studies have been conducted about early college high school students and college graduation. This concerns Sandra Stotsky, a professor emerita in the University of Custom writings coupon, Arkansas’s Department of Education Reform, who notes that there is not any substantial evidence that the model being tried out in Newark will help at-risk students get through four years of college. A Scientific Paper Methods And Materials? Dr. Stotsky finds the idea that students should have to go to college to get a good high school education counterintuitive, and has called on Custom educators to refocus their efforts on making high school coursework more challenging. Critics also worry about Essays for child rushing students through the material and pushing them prematurely onto college campuses, thus dumbing down classes for the other students. Many colleges have resisted the pressure to promote 18-year-olds to sophomore or junior status. Coupon? In 2009, New York University stopped accepting dual-enrollment credits, saying it was impossible to determine the rigor of the classes. Bard officials say public colleges are generally more open to accepting credit earned in high school.

They estimate that more than half of last year’s 143 Manhattan graduates were able to transfer two years of credit. Ray Peterson, who has helped start all three of Homework help hotline, Bard’s public high schools, says that given the Newark students’ struggles, he is pleased with where they are: of the remaining 29 second-year students, 21 have been accepted to a four-year college. It’s promising news, but no guarantee of code, a bachelor’s degree. While some of the colleges have impressive graduation rates, many do not. Najee has been accepted to Bloomfield College and Felician College, both in New Jersey, and is awaiting word about scholarship money. His parents cannot afford to assist him financially, so he hopes to zeus, gain junior status. Marvin has been accepted by St. John’s University in Queens and, with a partial scholarship, D’Youville College in Custom writings coupon code Buffalo. The school’s star pupil, Katrina Anderson, who attended a well-regarded charter school before Bard, has been accepted on a four-year scholarship to Oberlin.

But Billy has failed most of his college-level classes and is working toward a high school diploma. “My prediction after the Creative writing first year was that a lot more kids would drop out and go somewhere where they had less stress,” Dr. Peterson said. “But most came back. They really appreciated the faculty holding onto its standards.” Leon Botstein says there has to code, be room for fits and starts. He is planning to take the model to Baltimore and a scientific methods section and materials Cleveland, two cities with ailing public schools, and to Harlem. “With idealism comes tolerance for failure,” said Dr. Botstein, chatting from behind his desk at his office at Bard’s campus upstate. Custom Coupon? “We need to think about these efforts the way we think about hospitals. Mortality rates can be zero if you don’t take any patients who are really sick.” For Najee, failure would come at a disheartening price. Essays Labor? The people he knows without a college degree have low-paying jobs or no jobs, or deal drugs.

So, when he is feeling overwhelmed or simply in Custom coupon code need of a pep talk, he sometimes calls on write short story below Dr. Ween. One afternoon, they sat together in her office discussing strategies. Custom Writings Coupon? Najee had a paper due and calculus to study for. Dr. Ween told him to help saving francesca, plan out what he was going to do step by writings code, step. “Find a place where you are capable of doing work,” she said. “If it’s the library go to the library.

If it’s my office, come here.” And so he saddled up in for child a chair in the library recently. For an writings coupon essay on postmodernism and Homework help music, he browsed the review of a book by Custom coupon, a University of Louisiana jazz professor and an excerpt from a book by two music professors at Stony Brook University. “I realize that a lot of people really want me to succeed,” he said. Even the neighborhood drug dealers. Short Story? “That,” he added, “is my motivation.”

An earlier version of this article suggested imprecisely when a student, Al-Nisa Amin, enrolled in Bard High School Early College. She feared being sent to a zoned high school, not of being sent back to her old high school. Custom Writings Code? She had not attended high school anywhere else. Kyle Spencer writes on education from New York City. Payback walks students through picking a college and paying for it, from Writing a scientific paper methods and materials choosing majors to writings coupon code, finding work. Essays Labor? Will it help them or scare them? The department says the conflict-of-interest statute, passed after scandals in for-profit education, is outdated, but others call it a safeguard.

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The document should use only one font style, for Get help example Times New Roman. Use bold ( Bold ) or italics ( Italics ) to emphasise important words. Only underline section titles (or do not underline any words). If you make a list (for example, a list of Custom coupon your job achievements), consider using bullet points. Try to keep the CV on one side of paper, or use two sides if you have a lot of relevant work experience or qualifications. Keep your sentences short and Get help zeus, simple. A typical section order is: There is an Custom writings coupon, example CV shown below.

When writing your name, always put your own name first and your family name last (even if you write the family name first in your own country). Include the full postcode in your address. Make sure that you will be able to collect all mail sent to this address (if you move, ask the owner to forward letters to Assignment saving, you). If you have a mobile telephone, put this number on Custom writings coupon code, your CV, so that you can be contacted easily. Get Help? If you use a voicemail service, it will be easier for Custom writings code callers to leave a message for you. If you do not have a mobile telephone, give the number of the telephone at jiskha your accommodation. The telephone number should start with the area code, written in brackets; for example, a London number should be written (020) xxxx xxxx. If the telephone has an answering machine, make sure that you check the messages every day. If you are sharing someone else's telephone, ask that person's permission before using their number on your CV.

Write your e-mail address next to your telephone number, and write story below, check your messages regularly. Create two columns. Use the left-hand column for dates. For start and end dates, use either full years (eg 1998-2000) or the first three letters of the month followed by the last two digits of the year (eg Jun 98-Sep 00) In the right-hand column, provide information about each of your job roles. Start by writing the name of the company (in bold) and Homework help jiskha, its location. On the next line you might give a brief description of what the company does. You might give a title for your job (and perhaps a department name) on another line (highlighting this in bold italics) You should list your main responsibilities and achievements within each role (perhaps using bullet points)

Give more detail for recent jobs. Make sure that you mention skills which may be useful in the job for which you are now applying. If possible, avoid any date gaps unless they are covered within the Education section. Don't mention how much you were paid. When describing your achievements, use positive action verbs (for example: achieved, arranged, assisted, co-ordinated, completed, dealt with, developed, established, expanded, handled, helped, implemented, improved, increased, interviewed, introduced, maintained, managed, negotiated, organised, planned, processed, programmed, proposed, promoted, purchased, redesigned, reduced, reorganised, revised, sold, solved, streamlined, supervised, trained, translated, worked, wrote). You should not use the word I on your CV; this is understood. ? For example, you might write Increased sales at the shop, but not I increased sales at writings coupon code the shop.

Remember that the person reading your CV may not be familiar with the education system in your country. Create two columns. Use the left-hand column for the dates. For start and end dates, use either full years (eg 1998-2000) or the first three letters of the month followed by the last two digits of the year (eg Jun 98-Sep 00) In the right-hand column, list the name of the school or university on one line, followed by further details (the course name or the number of exam subjects passed) on the next line. List formal educational qualifications only in this table (eg university and writings, secondary school, but not a language school or part-time courses), stating the most recent (and highest level) qualifications first. If you have been to Writing a scientific and materials, a post-graduate school or college, put the name of this after a label such as Post-graduate studies: so that the level is clear. If you have been to Get help, a university, use the word University in Custom writings code the name, or put a label such as University: before the name so that the level is clear. Creative Writing Assignment High? If the university is one of the top universities in your country, state this fact (the interviewer may not know it).

State the name of the town and story, country after the university's name. In the description, put the name of the main subject studied (try to avoid using the words major or minor, which are used in American English). If you studied English, the subject should perhaps be described as English language and literature, not just English literature. Avoid mentioning grades unless they are particularly good; if you do mention grades, make sure that they are clear (e.g. Custom? 80%, or top grade) - the British university grade system is probably different from , that in your country. You should list any schools you have attended between the ages of about 15 and 18, but not before this age. You should add the label Secondary school: before the name of the school, or include the words High School in help hotline jiskha the name. If you took exams in writings coupon code a wide range of subjects, you may prefer to list only the number of subjects passed instead of the subject names, or if you have been to university you may choose not to list any secondary school qualifications. If you are studying in the UK, you may want to Custom coupon code, include details of this course. If so, write this in a line under the main table.

For example, you could write Currently studying English at ABC school, London (since January 2001). If you have other skills or qualifications which you believe may be relevant, you can list these. English exams which you have passed (eg Passed Cambridge First Certificate of English). Computer skills (eg Good knowledge of standard office software, including e-mail and the internet) Typing speed (only mention this if you are applying for data entry or secretarial jobs) An international driving licence (only mention this if you may need to , drive for the job)

Create two columns; use the left-hand column for Custom labels and for child labor, the right-hand column for information. The exact list of personal details you want to give may depend on your circumstances and what the job requires, but the list below will give you a guide. Write Date of birth:, followed by the day you were born in help the second column, eg 3 Feb 1980. Writings? Note that the date should be written in British date order (day, month, year), not in American date order (month, day, year). Write Nationality:, followed by your nationality eg Japanese. You may want to write Gender:, followed by Male or Female, if this is not obvious to a British person from your name. Whether you are a man or a woman may be relevant for some jobs. Write Work status:, followed by a description of the status implied by the stamp in your passport, for Homework example, Student visa or EC citizen (no work permit required). Write Interests: followed by a short list of perhaps 3 or 4 main hobbies or interests.

As you have come to the UK to study, you can probably include interests such as travel, learning languages, or international cultures. Don't list anything which you wouldn't be happy to discuss at an interview. Custom? Include interests which may show the interviewer that you have good social or team-working skills, that show your dedication / enthusiasm / success, or that highlight additional skills that may be useful in the job (for example, computer or language skills). If you think it is necessary, write References:, followed by Available on hotline, request. You should only provide references if your employer asks for them. If you do need to give a reference, make sure that you have asked the person beforehand. Possible referees include a teacher or previous employer. It may complicate your application if you give the name of a referee who lives abroad; if you want to do this, make sure that the person will be able to Assignment essay francesca, provide comments in Custom writings coupon code English, and give an e-mail address so that delays can be minimised. 52 Orchard Street, London W2 3BT. Telephone: 020-7654 3210; Mobile: 07960 999999; E-mail: akiko9999@hotmail.com. · Advised the main shop's customers about organic and health foods.

· Developed new business in smaller satellite stores, explaining the benefits of supplements and organic food to potential new customers. · Increased sales at both the main and code, the satellite shops. The extra profits were used to expand the business by establishing a new shop. · Examined incoming mail and redirected this to the appropriate division. · Translated foreign letters (written in English) into Homework jiskha Japanese.

· Dealt with customs enquiries and procedures. Computer literate: good knowledge of Custom writings Word and Excel, as well as e-mail and the internet. Fluent in Japanese; practical knowledge of English and Korean. If you are sending an application directly to a potential employer, you should write a one-page letter to Help short story below, accompany your CV (a covering letter). The covering letter may either be typed (better if you are applying to a large company) or written neatly by hand (better if you believe that a typed letter may appear too formal).

There is an example covering letter shown below. State what type of visa you have, so that the potential employer knows that you will be able to work legally. You may want to mention the level of writings coupon code your English ability. Explain in your letter how you can be contacted. Labor? If you are about to change your accommodation, you should ask to be contacted either on Custom writings coupon, your mobile telephone or by e-mail.

If you give the telephone number of your host family, you should ask them for their permission first, and you should check if they have an answering machine. EXAMPLE COVERING LETTER. Re: Job as a part-time sales assistant (reference: JBW5014) I would like to apply for the job of a part-time sales assistant in Custom writings code the food section of hotline Fortnum Mason's in Piccadilly, as advertised in Loot Recruit on 2 August. Custom Writings Coupon Code? Please find attached a copy of my CV. My previous jobs include two years as a sales assistant in an organic food shop in Get help on homework Japan.

This has given me experience of dealing with customers, as well as cashier skills and a basic knowledge of food retailing. Coupon? I have been living in London since last September, and Homework help hotline jiskha, am currently studying English at a language school. I have good English communication skills (recently I passed the Cambridge First Certificate in English exam). My fluency in Japanese may be useful when dealing with your Japanese customers. I am an enthusiastic worker, and enjoy working in a team.

My student visa entitles me to work up to , 20 hours per week (or longer during my school holidays), and coupon code, I could start work immediately. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss the job vacancy with you on the telephone or at an interview. I can be contacted most easily on my mobile telephone or by e-mail (see details at help essay the top of this letter). SENDING YOUR APPLICATION. Check your CV and covering letter carefully before you send them. Use the spell-checker on the computer (set the language to British English rather than American English).

Ask a native English speaker to writings coupon, check what you have written, and Creative assignment school, ask this person for any comments they may have. If sending your application by post, send it by first class rather than by second class (it shows that you care about getting the job). If you send an Custom coupon code, application by e-mail, telephone to make sure that it has arrived, or send an Homework hotline, application in the post as well. Alternatively, you may wish to hand in code your application personally; if so, use this opportunity to find out more about the company and Creative writing high, ask when you can expect to Custom writings code, hear from help essay saving, them. If you have not heard from the company two weeks after you sent your application (or before the closing date for applications, if there is Help below one), telephone the company to check that your job application has been received and coupon code, that there haven't been any problems contacting you. It is often the case that people are invited for Writing methods section an interview for only a small number of the jobs to which they apply. Try not to feel depressed if it takes a long time to get a job. If you are rejected by a company, ask them to give you some comments, so that you can improve the quality of your later applications.

Prepare for help a job interview: Work/Interview. Improve your English writing skills: English/Writing.

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